Seen but not heard? Women's platforms, respectability, and female publics in the mid-nineteenth century

Nineteenth Century Prose

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 50-67

  Morgan, Simon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 61249584909     PISSN: 10520406     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (76)

1. Amongst others, the essays by Geoff Eley and Mary Ryan in Craig Calhoun, eds., Habermas and the Public Sphere (MIT Press, 1992).
2. Dror Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840 (Cambridge UP, 1995).
3. See S.J. Morgan, "Middle-Class Women, Civic Virtue and Identity: Leeds and the West Riding of Yorkshire, c. 1830 - c. 1860" (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of York, 2000).
4. S.J. Morgan, "'A sort of land debatable': Female Influence, Civic Virtue and Middle-Class Identity, c. 1830 - c. 1860", unpublished paper.
5. Sarah Stickney Ellis, The Women of England, Their Social Duties and Domestic Habits (London: Fisher, Son and Co., 1839), 41.
6. Sarah Lewis, Woman's Mission (London: Parker, 1839).
7. Alex Tyrrell, "'Woman's Mission' and Pressure Group Politics (1825-1860)," Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, 63, 1 (1980), 194-230;
8. S.J. Morgan, "Domestic Economy and Political Agitation: Women and the Anti-Corn Law League," in Kathryn Gleadle and Sarah Richardson eds., Women in British Politics, 1760-1860: The Power of the Petticoat (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 115-33.
9. Quoted in Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, its Men and its Work, 2 vols. (London: Church Missionary Society, 1899), i, 132.
10. The decision of the British and Foreign Bible Society to extend its operations to the provinces was criticised for similar reasons: Leslie Howsam, Cheap Bibles: Nineteenth Century Publishing and the British and Foreign Bible Society (Cambridge UP, 1991), 44.
11. Leeds Mercury, 12 August 1848.
12. See F.K. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England (Oxford UP, 1980).
13. For the importance of missionary identities see Alison Twells, "The Heathen at Home and Overseas: The Middle Class and the 'Civilising Mission,' Sheffield 1790-1843" (unpublished DPhil thesis, University of York, 1997).
14. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790;
15. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), 165;
16. Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution (London: James Fraser, 1837), Part I, Book VII.
17. The Christian Ladies' Magazine 1 (January-June 1834), 160.
18. For more on this publication see Monica Fryckstedt, "Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna and the Christian Ladies' Magazine", Victorian Periodicals Review XIV, 2 (1981), 43-51.
19. Helen Rogers, Women and the People: Authority, Authorship and the Radical Tradition in Nineteenth-Century England (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2000).
20. For the use of discourses of domesticity by Chartist women, see Michelle De Larrabeiti, "Conspicuous before the World: the Political Rhetoric of the Chartist Women," in Eileen Yeo, ed., Radical Femininity: Women's Self-representation in the Public Sphere (Manchester UP, 1998), 106-26.
21. Northern Star, 17 February 1838.
22. For analysis of the significance of women's involvement in the anti-poor law campaign see Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (U of California P, 1995), 187-95.
23. Leeds Times, 17 February 1838.
24. See U.R.Q. Henriques, "Bastardy and the New Poor Law," Past and Present 37 (1967), 103-29.
25. Lawrence Pitkethley, radical woollen draper of Huddersfield. See Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists (London: Temple Smith, 1984), 163-64.
26. Leeds Mercury, 3 March 1838.
27. In fact the Elland women appear to have been the wives and relations of lower middle-class artisans and tradesmen. For example, Elizabeth Hanson was married to the radical shoemaker Abram Hanson. Thompson, The Chartists, 182-84.
28. M. Thomis and J. Grimmet, Women in Protest 1800-1850 (London etc.: Croom Helm, 1982), 14;
29. Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches, p.192.
30. Clare Midgley, Women Against Slavery: The British Campaigns, 1780-1870 (London: Routledge, 1992).
31. Rogers, Women and the People, 91.
32. Midgley, Women Against Slavery, esp. 59-60.
33. The standard narrative history of the League is Norman McCord, The Anti-Corn Law League, 1838-1846 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1958).
34. See also Archibald Prentice, History of the Anti-Corn Law League (1853: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd., 1968), 2 vols.
35. For the League's social and cultural significance see Alex Tyrrell and Paul Pickering, The People's Bread: A History of the Anti-Corn Law League (Leicester UP, 2000).
36. Tyrrell, "Woman's Mission"; Morgan, "Domestic Economy and Political Agitation."
37. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy.
38. Prentice, History of the Anti-Corn Law League, Vol. I, 194-230.
39. Harriet Martineau, Illustrations of Political Economy, 9 vols. (London: C. Fox, 1834);
40. Margratia Loudon, Philanthropic Economy; or, The Philosophy of Happiness, Practically Applied to the Social, Political, and Commercial Relations of Great Britain (London: E. Churton, 1835).
41. The impact of Martineau's work on a middle-class seeking assurance about future stability in the face of economic and social dislocation is discussed in Elaine Freedgood, "Banishing Panic: Harriet Martineau and the Popularisation of Political Economy," Victorian Studies 39, 1 (1995), 33-53.
42. Jane Marcet, Conversations on Political Economy (London: Longman, 1815).
43. Manchester Times, 4 and 31 December 1841.
44. Wilson Papers, Manchester Central Library, M20.
45. The League, 21 December 1844.
46. See also Morgan, "Domestic Economy and Political Agitation," 124-26.
47. Christian Ladies' Magazine 1 (January-June 1834), 478.
48. See, for example, Tonna's calls for women to petition the Queen on Sabbath Observance, ibid, 249-56.
49. See Morgan, "Middle-Class Women," 191.
50. Leeds Mercury, 1 January 1853.
51. R.J. Morris, "Voluntary Societies and British Urban Elites 1780-1850," Historical Journal 26 (1983), 95-118;
52. and Class Sect and Party: The Making of the British Middle Class, 1830-1850 (Manchester UP, 1990).
53. Mabel Tylecote, The Mechanics' Institutes of Lancashire and Yorkshire Before 1851 (Manchester UP, 1957);
54. June Purvis, Hard Lessons: The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England (Oxford: Polity Press, 1989).
55. See the Leeds Mercury, 24 September; 1, 8, and 15 October; 17 and 24 December 1836; 7 January 1837.
56. Leeds Institute, Annual Reports;
57. also Morgan, "Middle-Class Women," 78-86.
58. In 1848, Miss G. Bennet lectured on "The Female Poets of Great Britain."
59. Leeds Mercury, 29 August 1846.
60. Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815-1872 (London: Faber and Faber, 1971), esp. 137;
61. Lilian Lewis Shiman, "Temperance and Class in Bradford, 1830-1860," Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 58 (1986), 173-78;
62. Kathleen McCrone, "The National Association for the Advancement of Social Science and the Advancement of Victorian Women," Atlantis, 8, 1 (1982), 44-66.
63. Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe, A Life (Oxford UP, 1994) 238.
64. McCrone, "The National Association for the Advancement of Social Science," 47.
65. Dorothy Thompson, Outsiders: Class, Gender and Nation (London: Verso, 1993), chapter 3;
66. Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches, Conclusion.
67. For the disruptive effect of Voluntaryism on the local liberal caucus, see Derek Fraser, "Voluntaryism and West Riding Politics in the Mid-Nineteenth Century," Northern History 13 (1977), 199-231.
68. James Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c. 1815-1867 (Cambridge UP, 1993).
69. rd Series, 1 October 1853;
70. Ronald Harker, 'Beware the Demon Drink', Yorkshire Riding's Magazine 24, (1987), 59;
71. Lilian Lewis Shiman, "The Band of Hope Movement: Respectable Recreation for Working-Class Children," Victorian Studies 17 (September 1973), 49-74.
72. Leeds Mercury, 3 July 1841.
73. Kathryn Gleadle, The Early Feminists: Radical Unitarianism and the Emergence of the Women's Rights Movements, 1831-51 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997).
74. Martin Pugh, The March of Women: A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women's Suffrage 1866-1914 (Oxford UP, 2000), 146-49.
75. See for example the comments about Jane Taylour's suffrage lectures in Leah Leneman, A Guid Cause: The Women's Suffrage Movement in Scotland, revised edition (Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 1995), 19-22.
76. See Pugh, The March of Women, 43-44.