Edwin F. Atkins and the evolution of United States Cuba policy, 1894-1902

New England Quarterly

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 202-230

  Harris, Christopher ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61249524194     PISSN: 00284866     EISSN: 19372213     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. John Offner, An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895-1898 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), p. 14.
2. Katherine Wrisley Claflin Weeks and Robert Freeman Weeks, A New England Family Revisited (Belmont, Mass.: Privately published, 1998).
3. See William Howell Reed, Reminiscences of Elisha Atkins (Cambridge: Privately printed, 1896),
4. and Helen Claflin, A New England Fancy (Cambridge: Privately printed, 1958), pp. 59-86.
5. Claflin, A New England Fancy, pp. 59-86;
6. See Edwin Atkins, My Sixty Years in Cuba (Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1926), p. 52,
7. and Laird Bergad, Cuban Rural Society in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 135.
8. Louis Perez, Cuba between Reform and Revolution, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 129-39;
9. Bergad, Cuban Rural Society, pp. 162-65;
10. Atkins, Sixty Years in Cuba, pp. 30-39.
11. Louis Perez, Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990), p. 57,
12. See Rebecca Scott, "Race, Labor, and Citizenship in Cuba: A View from the Sugar District of Cienfuegos, 1886-1909," Hispanic American Historical Review 78 (November 1998): 687-728.
13. Perez, Cuba between Empires, pp. 30-31.
14. Trinidad Sugar Company records, 1892, Atkins Family Papers;
15. Philip Foner, A History of Cuba and Its Relations with the United States, 2 vols. (New York: International Publishers, 1963), p. 297;
16. Philip S. Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895-1902, 2 vols. paged consecutively (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972), pp. 517-18.
17. Atldns, Sixty Years in Cuba, p. 138;
18. Reed, Reminiscences of Elisha Atkins, p. 109;
19. Spanish Treaty Claims Commission Papers (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901).
20. Ames was the grandson of Oakes Ames, the U.S. congressman who was at the center of the Credit Mobilier scandal during the Grant administration. With his brother Oliver, the elder Ames built most of the Union Pacific Railroad. Both were major industrialists from South Easton, Massachusetts, and associates of Atkins's father Elisha. See his obituary, New York Times, 29 April 1950, p. 9, as well as the various Atkins's family memoirs.
21. Oakes Ames, Jottings of a Harvard Botanist (Cambridge: Botanical Museum of Harvard University, 1979), p. 149.
22. See Perez, Cuba and the United States, pp. 55-81.
23. Perez, Cuba between Reform and Revolution, pp. 157-58.
24. Joseph Wisan, The Cuban Crisis as Reflected in the New York Press (New York: Octagon Books, 1965), p. 38.
25. Hugh Thomas, Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom (1971; updated edition, New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), p. 313.
26. Tennant McWilliams, "Procrastination Diplomacy: Hannis Taylor and the Cuban Business Disputes: 1893-1897," Diplomatic History 2 (1978): 63-80.
27. Taylor to Olney, Consular Dispatches, Spain, 20 June 1895, no. 377, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
28. McWilliams, "Procrastination Diplomacy," p. 69.
29. Offner, Unwanted War, p. 24.
30. See Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War, pp. 179-81,
31. Atkins's and Adams's involvement in the Union Pacific is detailed in Maury Klein, Union Pacific: Birth of a Railroad, 1862-1893 (New York: Doubleday, 1987).
32. Adams to OIney, 27 June 1895, quoted by Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War, p. 182.
33. See Raymond Garr, Spain: 1808-1939 (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), pp. 356-57.
34. CarIos Garcia Barron, "Enrique Dupuy De Lôme and the Spanish American War," Americas 36 (1979): 39-58.
35. Clarence King was best known for surveying the American West, work that led to his being appointed the first director of the U.S. Geological Survey by President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1879.
36. Thurman Wilkins, Clarence King: A Biography (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988), pp. 399-400.
37. Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 312-13.
38. Henry Adams, Letters, 4:453.
39. citing Hany Warren Readnour, "General Fitzhugh Lee, 1835-1905: A Biographical Study" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1971).
40. Harold Dean Cater, Henry Adams and His Friends: A Collection of His Unpublished Letters (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1947), p. 393.
41. See Leon Burr Richardson, William E. Chandler: Republican (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1940), pp. 570-72.
42. Rubens, Liberty, the Story of Cuba, pp. 210-11;
43. Chester Bowie, "Redfield Proctor: A Biography" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1980), pp. 356-58. Brooks had married a Vermont woman.
44. Atlkins, Sixty Years in Cuba, pp. 282-83.
45. Thomas, Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom, p. 373.
46. Atkins to Kelly, 8 January 1899, and Atkins to L. Derbyshire, 13 March 1900, Atkins Papers.
47. Scrapbooks, Atkins Papers: Boston Transcript article dated 21 March 1899; New York Herald article dated 11 May 1899.
48. Offner, Unjust War, p. 188, quoting the Congressional Record, 55th Congress, 2nd session, p. 3954.
49. Scrapbook, New York Post article, "Profits in Beet Sugar, No Protection Needed," 12 December 1901, Atkins Papers.
50. Atkins, "Cuba's Imminent Bankruptcy," North American Review, December 1901, p. 768.