Immigration policy in a time of war: The United States, 1939-1945

Journal of American Ethnic History

Volumn 25, Issue 2-3, 2006, Pages 107-116

  Daniels, Roger ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 61249457640     PISSN: 02785927     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. An earlier version of this material appeared in Roger Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 81-97
2. For 1812, see for example Charles Lockington, petitioner, The case of alien enemies, considered and decided upon a writ of habeas corpus, allowed on the petition of Charles Lockington, an alien enemy, by the Hon. William Tilghman, chief justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the 22d day of November, 1813. Reported by Richard Bache, esq. (Philadelphia, 1813)
3. Early American imprints. Second series; no. 28085, Microfiche 1242, Readex Microprint Corporation. For early World War II, see John J. Culley, "A Troublesome Presence: World War II Internment of German Sailors in New Mexico," Prologue 28 (Winter 1996): 279-95
4. and Louis Fiset, "Return to Sender: U.S. Censorship of Enemy Alien Mail in World War II," Prologue 33 (Spring 2001): 21-35
5. See, for example, the State Department-inspired article by Samuel Lubell, "War by Refugee," Saturday Evening Post (Mar. 29, 1941)
6. Reorganization Plan No. V, 5 Federal Register 2223
7. George W. Martin, Madam Secretary, Frances Perkins (Boston, 1976), 442
8. The veto message is in Congressional Record, 86: 4157
9. Presidential proclamation 2527, Jan. 14, 1942
10. Max Paul Freidman, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II (New York, 2003) is a superb account of the process
11. For the Japanese see C. Harvey Gardiner. Pawns in a Triangle of Hate: The Peruvian Japanese and the United States (Seattle, 1981)
12. Seiichi Higashide, Adios to Tears: The Memoirs of a Japanese Peruvian Internee in U. S. Concentration Camps, 2d ed. (Seattle, 2000) is a memoir by a Peruvian Japanese, while Karen L. Riley, Schools Behind Barbed Wire: The Untold Story of Wartime Internment and the Children of Arrested Enemy Aliens (Lanham, MD, 2002) is an account of the INS family camp at Crystal City, Texas, in which many of the Latin Americans were held. John K. Emmerson, The Japanese Thread: A Life in the U.S. Foreign Service (New York, 1978) is a memoir by an official involved in the deportation of the Peruvian Japanese. There has been little scholarly analysis of the Latin American Italians involved. Friedman has provided the following table, not in his book, showing where the internees from Latin America came from
13. For details see Roger Daniels, Prisoners Without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II. 2d ed. (New York, 2004)
14. and Roger Daniels, "Words Do Matter: A Note on Inappropriate Terminology and the Incarceration of the Japanese Americans," in Gail Nomura and Louis Fiset, eds., Nikkei in the Pacific Northwest: Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians in the Twentieth Century (Seattle, 2005), 183-207
15. The campaign for exclusion is the subject of Fred W. Riggs, Pressures on Congress: A Study of the Repeal of Chinese Exclusion (New York, 1950)
16. For Congressional discussion, see U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, Repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts, Hearings. . . . (Washington, DC, 1943)
17. FDR's message is in Samuel I. Rosenman, comp., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York, 1950), 429-30 (in the volume for 1943). The law, technically an amendment to the Alien Registration Act of 1940, is 57 Stat. 600
18. Gilbert Woo, "One-Hundred-and-Seven Chinese," appears in a trail-blazing anthology called Chinese American Voices: From the Gold Rush to the Present, ed. Judy Yung, Gordon Chang, and Him Mark Lai (Berkeley, CA, 2006)
19. K. Scott Wong, "War Comes to Chinatown: Social Transformation and the Chinese of California," in R. Lotchin, ed., The Way We Really Were: The Golden State in the Second Great War (Urbana, IL, 2000), 164-86
20. Xiaojian Zhao, Remaking Chinese America: Immigration, Family, and Community, 1940-1965 (Philadelphia, 2002)
21. For the Wagner-Rogers bill see Barbara McDonald Stewart, United States Government Policy on Refugees from Nazism, 1933-1940 (New York, 1982), ch. 12. The Laura Delano quotation is from the manuscript diary of State Department official Jay P. Moffat, May 25, 1939, as cited by Stewart, 532
22. This, and all other references to Jewish refugee matters, were omitted from the published version of the diary. Nancy H. Hooker, ed., The Moffat Papers: Selections from the Diplomatic Journals of Jay Pierrepont Moffat, 1919-1943 (Cambridge, MA, 1956)
23. Robert A. Divine. American Immigration Policy (New Haven, CT, 1957), 102-3
24. Cynthia Jaffee McCabe, "'Wanted by the Gestapo: Saved by America' - Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee," 79-91, in Jarrell C. Jackman and Carla M. Borden, eds., The Muses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation, 1930-1945 (Washington, DC, 1983)
25. Varian Fry, Surrender on Demand (1945; Boulder, CO, 1997, also available as an e-book)
26. Divine, American Immigration Policy, 103
27. John Morton Blum, ed., From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941-1945 (Boston, 1967), 220-7
28. and Blum, Morgenthau and Roosevelt (Boston, 1970), 531-33
29. Rosenman, FDR Public Papers (1944 volume), 48-53
30. There is no monographic study of the War Refugee Board. Volume 11 of David S. Wyman, ed., America and the Holocaust (New York, 1989-91) is devoted to War Refugee Board"Weekly Reports." Verne Newton, ed., FDR and the Holocaust. (New York, 1996) contains essays by scholars representing a broad spectrum of opinion
31. Sharon R. Lowenstein, Token Refuge: The Story of the Jewish Refugee Shelter at Oswego, 1944-1946 (Bloomington, IN, 1986)
32. See also the memoir by Ruth Gruber, Haven: The Untold Story of 1,000 World War II Refugees (New York, 1983). She was a special assistant to Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes. Lowenstein seems not to have seen FDR's cable to Murphy
33. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1996 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (Washington, DC, 1997), 104
34. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2003 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (Washington, DC: GPO, 2004), Tables 25 and 5. There were almost 28 million "nonimmigrants" in 2003, most of them temporary visitors not normally eligible for adjustment of status: more than 20 million were tourists and more than 4 million "temporary visitors for business." Counting entrants is not precision work. For example, in 2003 the DHS admitted 117,583 "nonimmigrants" whose particulars are "unknown," and for years it has been unable to differentiate between entrants from tiny Dominica and the Dominican Republic, one of the major sources in recent years
35. George C. Lewis and John Mewha, History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army - 1776-1945 (Washington, DC, 1955), 91
36. The literature is very large. A place to begin is Wayne D. Rasmussen, A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program, 1943-1947 (Washington, DC, 1951.)
37. A table showing annual numbers and nationalities is printed in Congressional Research Service, U.S. Immigration Law and Policy (Washington, DC, 1979), Table 3, p. 40
38. Barbara A. Driscoll, The Tracks North: The Railroad Bracero Program of World War II (Austin, TX, 1999)
39. For State Department programs see Wilma Fairbank, America's Cultural Experiment in China, 1942-1949 (Washington, 1976)
40. For the stranded Chinese see Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door, 152-54
41. I have made some tentative speculations about post 9/11 policy in Daniels Prisoners Without Trial, 2d ed., 119-21