Aristocrats and agriculture in the middle and late republic

Journal of Roman Studies

Volumn 98, Issue , 2008, Pages 1-26

  Rosenstein, Nathan ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 61249426136     PISSN: 00754358     EISSN: 1753528X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3815/007543508786239238     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. cf. Columella, Rust. 1 Praef. 10.
2. K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (1978), 48;
3. 2 (1982), 19;
4. J. D'Arms, Commerce and Social Standing in Ancient Rome (1981), 36.
5. See also P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower 225 B.C.-A.D. 14 (1971), 155;
6. idem, The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays (1988), 73.
7. J. K. Evans, 'Plebs rustica. The peasantry of classical Italy', AJAH 5 (1980), 19-47;
8. idem, War, Women and Children in Ancient Rome (1991), 108-13;
9. S. Dyson, Community and Society in Roman Italy (1992), 23-55;
10. T. Potter, The Changing Landscape of South Etruria (1979), 125;
11. idem, Roman Italy (1987), 115-16;
12. M. Torelli, Tota Italia. Essays in the Cultural Formation of Roman Italy (1999), 5-8.
13. For the importance of neighbouring small farmers to such enterprises: D. Rathbone, 'The development of agriculture in the "ager Cosanus" during the Roman Republic: problems of evidence and interpretation', JRS 71 (1981), 12-15.
14. W. Jongman, 'Slavery and the growth of Rome. The transformation of Italy in the second and first centuries BCE', in C. Edwards and G. Woolf (eds), Rome the Cosmopolis (2003), 112-16, shows that even at its height, the extent of plantation agriculture in Italy would have been far more limited that usually thought.
15. N. Rosenstein, Rome at War. Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic (2004), 26-106.
16. E. Cavaignac, Population et capital dans le monde mé diterranéen antique (1923), 97-100;
17. and C. Yeo, 'The economics of Roman and American slavery', Finazarchiv 13 (1952), 475.
18. Cf. R. Billiard, La Vigne dans l'antiquité (1913), 112-47.
19. Other calculations: T. Frank, An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, Vol. 5 (1940), 149-53,
20. followed by K. D. White, Roman Farming (1979), 268-9
21. cf. N. Morley, Metropolis and Hinterland. The City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 B.C.-A.D. 200 (1996), 124-6.
22. C. Starr, Beginnings of Imperial Rome: Rome in the Mid-Republic (1980), 15-19,
23. followed by T. Cornell, Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 BC) (1995), 385;
24. cf. W. Scheidel, 'Human mobility in Roman Italy, 1: the free population', JRS 94 (2004), 14, who estimates the freeborn population of Rome at 150,000 c. 200 B.C. and 375,000 a century later.
25. See E. Lo Cascio, 'The size of the Roman population: Beloch and the meaning of the Augustan census figures', JRS 84 (1994), 39, for ratios of rural to urban dwellers in other pre-industrial societies.
26. cf. G. Rickman, The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome (1980), 11.
27. Tarentum: M. Pani, 'Economia e societá in età romana', in G. Musca (ed.), Storia della Puglia, Vol. 1 (1978), 100.
28. See also G. Kron, 'The Augustan census figures and the population of Italy', Ath. 93 (2005), 488-9 for other Italian urban population estimates.
29. cf. R. Witcher, 'The extended metropolis: Urbs, suburbium and population', JRA 18 (2005), 126, who notes that 'the current consensus is c. 0.75 million inhabitants'.
30. E. Gabba, 'Urbanizzazione e rinnovamenti urbanistici nell'Italia centro-meridionale del 1 Sec. a.C., SCO 21 (1972), 73-112;
31. idem, 'Considerazaioni politiche ed economiche sullo sviluppo urbano in Italia nei secoli II e I a.C.', in P. Zanker (ed.), Hellenismus in Mittelitalien: Kolloquium in Göttingen vom 5. bis 9. Juni 1974 (1976), 315-26.
32. W. Jongman, The Economy and Society of Pompeii (1988), 132-3;
33. idem, 'Olea Mediterranean', JRA 1 (1988), 159.
34. so, too, K. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 (1996), 271.
35. D. Baronowski, 'Roman military forces in 225 B.C. (Polybius 2.23-4)', Historia 42 (1993), 181-202.
36. These figures are based on the rations issued to citizen cavalrymen given in Polyb. 6.39.13, cf. F. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius, Vol. 2 (1967), 648;
37. P. Erdkamp, Hunger and the Sword. Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Warfare (264-30 B.C.) (1998), 28;
38. J. McCall, The Cavalry of the Roman Republic. Cavalry Combat and Elite Reputations in the Middle and Late Republic (2002), 7. It seems as though even the equites equo publico were furnished with only a single horse at state expense and had to supply their additional mounts out of their own purses.
39. Cf. J. H. Thiel, Studies in the History of Roman Sea-Power in Republican Times (1946), 77;
40. H. Mattingly, 'The property qualifications of the Roman classes', JRS 27 (1937), 103-4,
41. and J E. Lo Cascio, 'Ancora sui censi minimi delle classi cinque «Serviane»', Ath. n.s. 76 (1988), 283-4,
42. On the wealth of the first property class in the late Republic, see A. Yakobson, Elections and Electioneering in Rome: A Study in the Political System of the Late Republic (1999), 43-8.
43. cf. P. Marchetti, Histoire économique et monétaire de la deuxième guerre punique (1978), 211-18.
44. M. Gelzer, Kleine Schriften, Vol. 1 (1961), 224-5.
45. K. Stampp, The Peculiar Institution. Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South (1956), 29-31;
46. N. Terrenato, 'The auditorium site in Rome and the origins of the villa', JRA 14 (2001), 21-4.
47. W. Widrig, 'Land use at the via Gabina villas', in E. B. MacDougall (ed.), Ancient Roman Villa Gardens (1987), 227-51, quotation from p. 251;
48. idem, 'Two sites on the ancient via Gabina', in K. Painter (ed.), Roman Villas in Italy. Recent Excavations and Research (1980), 120-3.
49. E. Berggren, 'A new approach to the closing centuries of Etruscan history: a team-work project', Arctos 5 (1967), 29-43.
50. Posta Crusta: G. De Boe, 'Villa romana in località "Posta Crusta". Rapporto provissorio sulle campagne de scavo 1972 e 1973', NSc 39 (1975), 521-3;
51. G. Volpe, La Daunia nell'età della romanizzazione. Paesaggio agrario, prodttzione, scambi (1990), 110-11.
52. P. Erdkamp, 'Feeding Rome or feeding Mars? A long-term approach to C. Gracchus' lex frumentaria', Ancient Society 30 (2000), 53-70.
53. F. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius Vol. 3 (1979), 500-1.
54. K. Hopkins, Death and Renewal (1983), 110-11.
55. Cic., Rosc. Am. 20-1.
56. Stazione: M. Della Corte, 'Villa rustica, explorata dal sig. Ferruccio De Prisco ...', NSc 1921, 436-42;
57. Villa Regina: S. De Caro, La Villa Rustica in località Villa Regina a Boscoreale (1994);
58. W. Jashemski, The Gardens of Pompeii, Herculaneum and the Villas Destroyed by Vesuvius (1979), 201-32.
59. cf. A. Tchernia, Le Vin de I'ltalie romaine (1986), 120.
60. On Asia Minor as a supplier of grain for Rome, see C. Nicolet, 'Dimes de Sicile, d'Asie et d'ailleurs', in Le Ravitaillement de blé de Rome et des centres urbains des débuts de la République jusqu'au Haut Empire (1994), 215-27.
61. P. Erdkamp, The Grain Market in the Roman Empire. A Social, Political, and Economic Study (2005), 209-20.
62. See S. Dyson, The Creation of the Roman Frontier (1985), 146-60 on the military and diplomatic events.
63. E. Will, 'The Roman amphoras', in A. McCann et al. (eds), The Roman Port and Fishery of Cosa: A Center of Ancient Trade (1987), 172-6.
64. cf. N. Purcell, 'The Roman villa and the landscape of production', in T. Cornell and K. Lomas (eds), Urban Society in Roman Italy (1995), 157-9.
65. B. Frier, 'Cicero's management of his urban properties', Cl 74 (1978/79), 1-6.
66. B. Frier, Landlords and Tenants in Imperial Rome (1980), 21-5 (who, however, believes that urban investments constituted only a small part of an aristocrat's portfolio);
67. D. Hollander, Money in the Late Roman Republic (2007), 112-13.
68. A. Kirschenbaum, Sons, Slaves and Freedmen in Roman Commerce (1987).
69. E. Badian, Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic (1968), 82-6;
70. K. Hopkins, 'Taxes and trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C-A.D. 400)', JRS 70 (1980), 106-12;
71. cf. J. Carlsen, The Rise and Fall of a Roman Noble Family. The Domitii Ahenobarbi 196 B.C.-A.D. 68 (2006), 105-6.
72. C. Nicolet, The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome (1980), 67-73.
73. N. Rosenstein, 'Marriage and manpower', Historia 51 (2002), 163-91.
74. P. Brunt, Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic (1971), 18-19;
75. M. I Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (1980), 84.