From scopophilia to Survivor: A brief history of voyeurism

Textual Practice

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 415-434

  Metzl, Jonathan M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Perversion; Popular culture; Psychiatry; Psychoanalysis; Reality television; Voyeurism

Indexed keywords

EID: 61249377398     PISSN: 0950236X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09502360410001732935     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (New York:W.W. Norton, 1945), pp. 71-5, 198-201, 491.
2. www.voyeurdorm.com.
3. http://www.3bigshows.com/bootcamp.shtml.
4. http://www.mtv.com/onair/osbournes.
5. Clay Calvert, Voyeur Nation: Media, Privacy, and Peering in Modern Culture (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000), p. 2.
6. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (Washington, DC: APA, 1994), p. 532.
7. Meg Kaplan and Richard Kruger, 'Voyeurism: psychopathology and theory', in Richard Laws and William O'Donohue (eds), Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (New York: Guilford Press, 1997), pp. 297-310, 298.
8. See N.C. Raymond, E. Coleman, F. Ohlerking, G. A. Christenson and M. Miner, 'Psychiatric comorbidity in pedophilic sex offenders', American Journal of Psychiatry, 156 (1999), pp. 786-8.
9. I mean to reference research suggesting that '90% of reported voyeurs are male' (D. Finklehor, Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse [Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1986], p. 4), as well as the psychoanalytic assumption of voyeurism's universal male subject position described below.
10. Adrian Furnam and Emmy Harrison, 'Lay theories of etiology and cure for four types of paraphilia: fetishism, pedophilia, sexual sadism and voyeurism', Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54 (1998), pp. 689-700.
11. Craig Forsyth, 'The structuring of vicarious sex', Deviant Behavior, 17 (1996), pp. 279-95, 282.
12. Calvert, Voyeur Nation, p. 50.
13. Frank Rich, 'Voyeurism for the entire family', NewYorkTimes, 1 July 2000, A13.
14. Results of a keyword search for 'voyeurism', http://www.google.com on 3 January 2003.
15. An early version of this section was presented at the American Psychiatric Association annual meeting in May 2002, and appears in abbreviated form in the Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(2004), pp. 1-5.
16. DSM I: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Washington, DC: APA Press, 1952);
17. DSM II: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Washington, DC, APA Press, 1968).
18. See R. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis (New York: Physicians and Surgeons, 1922);
19. Sandor Lorand and Henry Schneer, 'Sexual deviations', in Alfred Freedman and Harold Kaplan (eds), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1967), p. 978.
20. Lorand and Schneer, 'Sexual deviations', pp. 977-87.
21. Paul Friedman, 'Sexual deviations', in Silvano Arieti (ed.), American Handbook of Psychiatry (New York: Basic Books, 1959), pp. 589-603.
22. See Elena del Río, 'The body of voyeurism: mapping a discourse of the senses in Michael Powell's Peeping Tom', Camera Obscura, 15 (2000), pp. 115-49.
23. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays, 1905, vol. vii
24. Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1953-74), pp. 153-5 and fn.n;
25. Sigmund Freud, Fetishism, 1927, vol. xxi;
26. Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works. See also Catherine Bates, 'Castrating the castration complex', Textual Practice, 12 (1998), pp. 101-19.
27. Irv Yalom, 'Aggression and forbiddenness in voyeurism', Archives of General Psychiatry, 3 (1960), pp. 305-19;
28. Larry Gupp et al., 'The use of aversion-relief procedures in the treatment of a case of voyeurism', Behavior Therapy, 2 (1971), pp. 585-8.
29. Renato Almansi, 'Scopophilia and object loss', Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 48 (1979), pp. 601-19, 614.
30. See also Renato Almansi, 'The face-breast equation', Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 8 (1960), pp. 43-70, which calls on Freud's work in Three Essays on Sexuality to argue that voyeurism was 'indissolubly linked with early visual sensitisation due to oral deprivation and object loss'.
31. Alan Rothenberg, 'Why Nixon taped himself: infantile fantasies behind Watergate', Psychoanalytic Review, 62 (1975), pp. 201-23.
32. W.C. Lancer, TheMind of Adolph Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report (New York, 1972).
33. Smith Spencer, 'Voyeurism: a review of the literature', Archives of Sexual Behavior, 5 (1976), pp. 585-608.
34. Ian Gregory, Fundamentals of Psychiatry (Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1968), p. 505.
35. Laura Mulvey, 'Visual pleasure and narrative cinema', in Visual and Other Pleasures (London: Macmillan, 1989)
36. Mary Ann Doane, 'Woman's stake: filming the female body', October, 17 (1981), pp. 23-36.
37. 'Burglar chase nets "Peeping Toms": O. Nary and R. J. Beck arrested', New York Times, 27 February 1922, p. 5.
38. See also 'Manning, Howard, shot by students for 'peeping" ', New York Times, 1 March 1914, p. 1
39. 'Peeping Tom - Prosecution', New York Times, 10 April 1946, p. 2.
40. For interesting perspectives from the UK, see ' "Peeping Toms" - nurses issued with dye guns', London Times, 11 June 1966, p. 9
41. or 'Swift, Charles - Peeping Toms', London Times, 27 August 1973, p. 2.
42. NY Times historical database (http://historynews.chadwyck.com/noframesny/ search).
43. 'Amer. Psychiatric Assn. altering position on homosexuality', New York Times, 16 December 1973, A1.
44. J.Y. Smith, 'Private thoughts, private lives; voyeurism or the search for truth in the art of biography?', Washington Post, 15 November 1978, D1.
45. See also James P. Sterba, 'Survey shows increased nudity in US', New York Times, 3 September 1974, A23.
46. Freedman and Kaplan, Comprehensive Textbook, p. 985.
47. SeeGerald Klerman, 'The advances of DSM-III ', American Journal of Psychiatry, 141 (1984), pp. 539-42.
48. Naresh Emmanuel et al., 'Fluoxitine treatment of voyeurism', American Journal of Psychiatry, 148 (1991), p. 950.
49. See A. Rosler and E.Witzum's 'Pharmacotherapy of paraphilias in the next millennium', Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18 (2000), pp. 43-56 for a biological discussion of the relationship between voyeurism and OCD.
50. John Money, Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity (New York: Irvington, 1996)
51. A. Rosler and E. Witzum, 'Pharmacotherapy', pp. 43-56.
52. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (3rd edition) (Washington, DC: APA Press, 1980).
53. Karl Hanson and Andrew Harris, 'Voyeurism: assessment and treatment', in Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (New York: Guilford Press, 1997), p. 160.
54. Anna Quindlen, 'Watching the world go by: too busy to have a life of your own? There's always the vicarious voyeurism of reality TV', Newsweek, 26 February 2001, p. 74.
55. Mary Louise Schumacher, 'Voyeurism hooked us long ago', Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 23 January 2001, 4E.
56. Ahmed Abouesh and Anita Clayton, 'Compulsive voyeurism and exhibitionism: a clinical response to paroxitine', Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28 (1999), pp. 23-30.
57. 'National Enquirer, 14 February 2001: Temptation Island stars secret - he's married with children', http://www.nationalenquirer.com/stories/news.cfm? instanceidó9620.
58. Temptation Island Fan Club, http://www.temptationislandfanclub.com.
59. http://temptation-island.tripod.com/home.htm.
60. http://www.fox.com/temptation.
61. This revelation was later argued to have been known all along, and edited out of earlier conversations in the show: 'E!Online 4/4/01: Taheed and Ytossie speak!', http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,8068,00.html.
62. 'Voyeurism is based on the hunger for screen experiences', Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis, p. 348.
63. Michael Balint, 'Perversions and geniality', in Sandor Lorand (ed.), Perversions: Psychodynamics and Therapy (New York: Random House, 1956), pp. 16-27.
64. 'Temptation Island: who will cheat?', US Weekly, 12 February, 2001, p. 1.
65. AsWatson and Patterson were the Island's only African-American participants, these events have rightly been argued to have troubling racial dimensions as well. See 'Reality TV broadcasts "bad black guy" stereotype', http://www.geocities.com/jucream/BadBlackGuy.html.
66. Paul Friedman, 'Sexual deviations', p. 592; www.voyeurdorm.com.
67. Gary Levin, 'Ex-"survivor" claims her exit was rigged', USA Today, 6 February 2001, A1
68. see also Freud, Fetishism, p. 155.
69. In The Next Joe Millionaire: An International Affair, a Texas ranch hand posing as a millionaire hoodwinks European women with the same ruse, while perhaps personifying American illusions of potency in the era of George W. Bush. See http://www.fox.com/joem/#home.
70. Richard Danielson, 'Men drawn to neighborhood of voyeur site', St. Petersburg Times, 30 January 2001, D1: 'Police are called after two women complain about two men seeking the home where young women pose nude for a Web site. For the second time this month, a Tarpon Springs house that is set up for Internet voyeurism is drawing attention that it never wanted. First, hackers broke into the ucanwatch.com Web site and temporarily blocked subscribers from watching the young women who live in the waterfront home cavort in the nude. Last weekend, after St. Petersburg Times published stories about the house and the Web site, three pairs of curiosity seekers wandered through the surrounding neighborhood in search of the 7,000-square-foot home and its occupants . . . Sgt. Tom Hill said that Stamas and Cooper first asked the women . . . where the ucanwatch.com house was, then started calling them names. Hill