"Hands... never made to wield a dagger": William Cobbett's Federalist antifeminism, 1795-1800

Historian

Volumn 64, Issue 3-4, 2002, Pages 491-511

  Scherr, Arthur ^a  

^a KINGSBOROUGH COMMUNITY COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61249370586     PISSN: 00182370     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1540-6563.00001     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Rosemarie Zagarri, "Gender and the First Party System," in Federalists Reconsidered, ed. Doron Ben-Atar and Barbara B. Oberg (Charlottesville, 1998), 119.
2. Karen K. List, "Two Party Papers' Coverage of Women in the New Republic," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (June 1985): 152-65
3. List, "The Post-Revolutionary Woman Idealized: Philadelphia Media's 'Republican Mother'" Journalism Quarterly 66 (1989): 65-75
4. List, "Realities and Possibilities: The Lives of Women in Periodicals of the New Republic," American Journalism 11 (1994): 20-38
5. Keith Arbour, "Benjamin Franklin as Weird Sister: William Cobbett and Federalist Philadelphia's Fears of Democracy," in Federalists Reconsidered, ed. Ben-Atar and Oberg, 179-98.
6. William Reitzel, "William Cobbett and Philadelphia Journalism: 1794-1800," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 59 (1935): 223-44, 240
7. Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 2 (New York, 1958), 248
8. Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, vol. 2 (Hamden, Conn., 1962), 946-47
9. Mary Elizabeth Clark, Peter Porcupine in America: The Career of William Cobbett, reprint ed. (New York, 1974), 135-36.
10. Michael and Edwin Emery, The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1988), 75-76
11. see also Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Newspaperman (Chicago, Ill., 1961), 46-48.
12. Robert A. Rutland, The Newsmongers: Journalism in the Life of the Nation, 1690-1972 (New York, 1973), 75-76
13. Emery, Press and America, 82.
14. Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797-1801 (New York, 1966), 86.
15. Rosalind Remer, Printers and Men of Capital: Philadelphia Book Publishers in the New Republic (Philadelphia, Pa., 1996), 25
16. Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period (Albany, N.Y., 1969), 16, 651-52 n.
17. William D. Sloan, "Purse and Pen: Party-Press Relationships, 1789-1816," American Journalism 6 (spring 1989): 103-27
18. Sloan, "The Early Party Press: The Newspaper Role in American Politics, 1789-1812," Journalism History 9 (spring 1982): 18-24
19. Sloan, "Scurrility and the Party Press, 1789-1816," American Journalism 5 (spring 1988): 97-112
20. Stephen Botein, "'Meer Mechanics' and an Open Press: The Business and Political Strategies of Colonial American Printers," Perspectives in American History 9 (1975): 127-225
21. Botein, "Printers and the American Revolution," in The Press and the American Revolution, ed. Bernard Bailyn and John B. Hench (Worcester, 1980), 19-32, 40-42
22. Jeffery A. Smith, Franklin and Bache: Envisioning the Enlightened Republic (New York, 1990), 40-44, 94-95
23. John R. Howe Jr., "Republican Thought and the Political Violence of the 1790s," American Quarterly 19 (summer 1967): 147-65.
24. Karen K. List, "The Role of William Cobbett in the Philadelphia Party Press, 1794-1799," Journalism Monographs 82 (May 1983): 19-20.
25. John Adams to Abigail Adams Jr., 18 April 1776, and to Abigail Sr., 15 April 1776, quoted in David F. Musto, "The Adams Family," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 93 (1981): 47-49
26. Musto, "Continuity across Generations: The Adams Family Myth," in New Directions in Psychohistory, ed. Mel Albin (Lexington, Mass., 1980), 125-26
27. Joseph J. Ellis, Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (New York, 1993), 96-98, 184-85
28. Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson, 28 March 1787, in Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul L. Ford (New York, 1892-99), 4:371-74
29. Allen Jayne, Jefferson's Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy and Theology (Lexington, Ky., 1998), 123-26
30. Robert M. Healey, Jefferson on Religion in Public Education (New Haven, 1962), 145-48.
31. David A. Wilson, ed., Peter Porcupine in America: Pamphlets on Republicanism and Revolution, Wilson (Ithaca, 1994)
32. Wilson, Paine and Cobbett: The Transatlantic Connection (Kingston and Montreal, 1988)
33. Reitzel, "Cobbett and Philadelphia Journalism";
34. Leo A. Bressler, "Peter Porcupine and the Bones of Thomas Paine," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 82 (1958): 176-85.
35. Larry E. Tise, Proslavery: A History of the Defense of Slavery in America, 1701-1840 (Athens, Ga., 1987)
36. Linda Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, 1970)
37. David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965).
38. Terry Castle, Masquerade and Civilization: The Carnivalesque in Eighteenth-Century English Culture and Fiction (Stanford, Calif., 1986), 39-40, 59-60, 85, 104, 119, 183-84, 191
39. Castle, "Eros and Liberty in the English Masquerade, 1710-90," Eighteenth-Century Studies 17 (1983/84): 156-76
40. Mary Anne Schofield, Masking and Unmasking the Female Mind: Disguising Romances in Feminine Fiction, 1713-1799 (Newark, Del, 1990)
41. Jay Fliegelman, Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, and the Culture of Performance (Stanford, Calif., 1993), 81-82, 114, 120-29, 144, 193.
42. Porcupine's Gazette, July 1797 "Selections," in Porcupine's Works, ed. William Cobbett (London, 1801), 6:104
43. Porcupine's Gazette, 16 March 1797, in Porcupine's Works, 5:93.
44. Porcupine's Gazette, in Porcupine's Works, Ibid.
45. James D. Tagg, Benjamin Franklin Bache and the Philadelphia Aurora (Philadelphia, Pa., 1991), 328-29, 349-50.
46. "Effects of French Philosophy," Porcupine's Gazette, 21 March 1797
47. "Effects of French Philosophy," Porcupine's Gazette, Ibid., 5:111-12.
48. "Effects of French Philosophy," Porcupine's Gazette, Ibid., 112-13.
49. Lynne Carol Halem, Divorce Reform: Changing Legal and Social Perspectives (New York, 1980), 19.
50. See Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed. (Oxford, 1989), 14:426.
51. "Liberty and Equality," in Porcupine's Works, 7:196-97.
52. Porcupine's Works, Ibid., 197-98.
53. James Carey's United States Recorder, 23 February 1798, cited in Michael Durey, Transatlantic Radicals and the Early American Republic (Lawrence, Kan., 1997), 244.
54. "John Haman," Porcupine's Gazette, 5 October 1797, in Porcupine's Works, 7:201.
55. "Preface" to A Bone to Gnaw, for the Democrats; or Observations on a Pamphlet, Entitled, "The Political Progress of Britain" (Philadelphia, 1795), reprinted in Wilson, ed., Porcupine in America, 89-90.
56. Zagarri, "Gender and the First Party System," 133.
57. Porcupine's Works, 5:225
58. George Rudé, The Crowd in the French Revolution (Oxford, 1959)
59. Olwen H. Hufton, Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution (Toronto, 1992)
60. Shirley Elson Roessler, Out of the Shadows: Women and Politics in the French Revolution, 1789-1795 (New York, 1996).
61. "S. M.," Porcupine's Gazette, March 1798, in Porcupine's Works, 8:133-34.
62. "S. M.," Porcupine's Gazette, in Porcupine's Works, Ibid., 134.
63. Jennifer Harris, "The Red Cap of Liberty: A Study of Dress Worn by French Revolutionary Partisans, 1789-1794," Eighteenth-Century Studies 14 (1981): 283-312
64. Joan B. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y., 1988), 141-43, 164-65, 246
65. Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley, Calif., 1984)
66. Dornda Outram, The Body and the French Revolution: Sex, Class and Political Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1989), 156-57
67. Sara E. Melzer and Leslie W. Rabine, eds., Rebel Daughters: Women and the French Revolution (New York, 1992)
68. Samia Spencer, ed., French Women and the Age of Enlightenment (Bloomington, 1984).
69. Francis Hopkinson, Miscellaneous Essays and Occasional Writings (Philadelphia, Pa., 1792), 2:146-68
70. Linda K. Kerber,"The Politicks of Housework," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 4 (winter 1978): 402-06
71. Kerber, Women of the Republic (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 257-58.
72. Porcupine's Works, 8:135.
73. "Female Toasting," in Porcupine's Gazette, 14 July 1798.
74. "Female Toasting," in Porcupine's Gazette, 14 July 1798; Oxford English Dictionary, 2d. ed., 18:251.
75. Lewis Melville, The Life and Letters of William Cobbett (London, 1913), 1:66-77
76. George Spater, William Cobbett, The Poor Man's Friend (Cambridge, 1982), 2:515-23, 616 n. 48.
77. Reitzel, "Cobbett and Philadelphia Journalism," 232 n.
78. William R. Hutchison, "Religious Liberty and the American Impact Abroad: William Cobbett on Church and State," Huntington Library Quarterly 53 (1990): 1-13.
79. See Patricia Bradley, Slavery, Propaganda, and the American Revolution (Jackson, Miss., 1998), 14-19
80. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Dis-covering the Subject of the 'Great Constitutional Discussion' 1786-1789," Journal of American History 79 (December 1992): 841-73
81. Arthur Scherr, "From Europe to America: Medical and Gender Themes in Late Eighteenth-Century Politics," Midwest Quarterly 37 (winter 1996): 195-214.
82. On the largest slaveholders' identification with the Federalist Party, see Manning J. Dauer, The Adams Federalists (Baltimore, 1953), 19-24.
83. Arbour, "Weird Sister"
84. Karen K. List, "Two Party Papers' Coverage of Women in the New Republic," 152-65