The dilemma of accommodation: Reconciling Christianity and Chinese culture in the 1920s

Historian

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 20-38

  Xu, Xiaoqun ^a  

^a FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61249352639     PISSN: 00182370     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Paul A. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats (Princeton, 1958; reprinted, New York, 1977);
2. Dorothy Borg, American Policy and the Chinese Revolution, 1925-1928 (Institute of Pacific Relations, 1947; reprinted, New York, 1968);
3. Jessie G. Lutz, China and the Christian Colleges, 1850-1950 (Ithaca, 1971);
4. Lutz, Chinese Politics and Christian Missions: The Anti-Christian Movements of 1920-1928 (Notre Dame, Ind., 1988);
5. John K. Fairbank, ed. The Missionary Enterprise in China and America (Cambridge, 1974);
6. Ka-che Yip, Religion, Nationalism and Chinese Students: The Anti-Christian Movement of 1922-1927 (Bellingham, Wash., 1980);
7. see also the symposium of six articles on Christian missions and Chinese nationalism in the early Republican period in Republican China 27 (April 1992).
8. Chinese Repository 1 (September 1832): 22.
9. Chinese Repository 1 (April 1833): 503.
10. Chinese Repository 2 (October 1833): 281.
11. Chinese Repository 3 (March 1835): 527.
12. See Kenneth S. Latourette. A History of Christian Missions in China (New York, 1929), 131-55;
13. George H. Dunn, SJ, Generation of Giants (Notre Dame, Ind., 1962), 269-301;
14. Jonathan Spence, Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York, 1984).
15. Chinese Repository 4 (September 1835): 204-5.
16. S. Wells Williams, The Middle Kingdom, vol. 2 (London, 1848), 252-6;
17. Williams, The Middle Kingdom, vol. 2, 604 (emphasis added).
18. "Editorial," Chinese Recorder 57 (November 1926): 767-68;
19. see also M. Searle Bates,"The Theology of American Missionaries in China, 1900-1950," in The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, 138-39, 157-58.
20. William R. Hutchinson, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago, 1987), 4-5, 9-14.
21. Hutchinson, "Modernism and Missions: The Liberal Search for an Exportable Christianity, 1875-1945," in The Missionary Enterprise, 111-12.
22. National Christian Council Annual Report, 1926-27 (Shanghai, 1927), 38;
23. Rev. Charles H. Derr, "American Presbyterian Mission Chenchow-Hengchow Station Letter, August 1, 1927," Archives, Missionary Research Library, New York.
24. Leslie T. Lyall, A Passion for the Impossible: The China Inland Mission, 1865-1965 (London, 1965), 99.
25. "Report of the National Christian Council of China, Annual Meeting, 1927," West China Ministry News (hereafter WCMN) 1 (January 1928): 20.
26. Jessie G. Lutz and R. Ray Lutz, "Karl Gutzlaff's Approach to Indigenization: The Chinese Union," in Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present, ed. Daniel Bays (Stanford, 1996), 269.
27. Annual Report of North China Mission of the American Board, 1910-1911 (Tientsin, 1911), 7.
28. Millard's Review, 15 March 1919, 88-89;
29. Christian Mission Yearbook, 1919 (Shanghai, 1920), 67-69.
30. National Christian Council Annual Report, 1922-23 (Shanghai, 1923), inside cover;
31. David Z. T. Yui, "The Need of the Christian Movement in China," Educational Review 18 (1926): 232-38.
32. "Editorial," Chinese Recorder 55 (November 1924): 695.
33. E. R. Hughes, "Race Prejudice and Some Allied Religious Issues," Chinese Recorder 56 (February 1925): 81 (emphasis in original).
34. American Church Mission, "The Christian Way Out," Chinese Recorder 56 (December 1925): 811.
35. Harry Kingman, "An Outstanding Problem of the Christian Movement in China," Chinese Recorder 57 May 1926): 332.
36. Maxwell S. Stewart, "The Missionary for This Generation," Chinese Recorder 58 (August 1927): 526-8.
37. Philip J. McLean, "The Junior Missionary's Mind," Chinese Recorder 57 (August 1926): 573-74.
38. James Thayer Addison, "The Meaning of Chinese Ancestor Worship," Chinese Recorder 55 (September 1924): 597;
39. T. C. Woo, "A Chinese Christian on Ancestor Worship," WCMN 27 (December 1925): 31-34;
40. National Christian Council Annual Report, 1924-25 (Shanghai, 1925), 172.
41. T. W. Douglas James, "The Christian Approach to Ancestor Worship," Chinese Recorder 56 (November 1925): 729-33.
42. Hughes, "Race Prejudice," 84.
43. Homer H. Dubs, "Confucianism and Superstition," Chinese Recorder 57 (April 1926): 247;
44. Frank R. Millican, "Tai Hsu and Modern Buddhism," Chinese Recorder 54 (June 1923): 334.
45. National Christian Council Annual Report, 1924-25, 38, 132.
46. Nettle M. Senger, "Christian Attitudes in Chinese Religions," Chinese Recorder 57 (July 1926): 490-3.
47. Frank Rawlinson, "The One and the Many in China," Chinese Recorder 57 (June 1926): 427;
48. Rawlinson, "Some Chinese Ideas of the Supreme Being," Chinese Recorder 57 (November 1926): 796-812.
49. The Fifth Annual Meeting of the China Council of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. (Shanghai, 1924), 75 (emphasis in original).
50. "Editorial," Chinese Recorder 54 (February 1923): 65.
51. B. R. Grose, "Why Missionaries in China?" WCMN 29 (February 1927): 11-12.
52. See Adrian A. Bennett and Kwang-ching Liu, "Christianity in the Chinese Idiom: Young J. Allen and the Early Chiao-hui hsin-pao, 1868-1870," in The Missionary Enterprise in America, 171-79;
53. National Christian Council Annual Report, 1923-24 (Shanghai, 1920), 38, 132.
54. Johnathan Chao, "Toward a Chinese Christianity: A Protestant Response to the Anti-Imperialist Movement," in Republican China 17 (1992): 95-109;
55. National Christian Council Annual Report, 1923-24, 149-50.
56. Dubs, "Chinese Religious Education," Chinese Recorder 55 (May 1924): 290.
57. Senger, "Christian Attitudes in Chinese Religions," Chinese Recorder 57 (July 1926): 492-3.
58. Lewis S. C. Smyth, "The Changing Missionary Message," Chinese Recorder 60 (March 1929): 165.
59. WCMN 30 (November 1928): 23-4.
60. See Peter Chen-Main Wang, "Contextualizing Protestant Publishing in China: The Wenshe, 1924-1928," in Bays, ed., Christianity in China, 292-306;
61. WCMN 29 (January 1927): 17.
62. Chinese Recorder 60 (May 1929): 316 (emphasis in original).
63. Chinese Recorder 3 (March 1926): 216.
64. Chinese Recorder 58 (January 1927): 14.
65. See Varg, Missionaries, Chinese and Diplomats, 161-62, 212-25;
66. Hutchinson, "Modernism and Missions: The Liberal Search for an Exportable Christianity, 1875-1935," in The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, 110-34;
67. Errand to the World, 91-145;
68. Chinese Recorder 52 (January 1921): 31-50;
69. Chinese Recorder (August 1921): 469-75;
70. Millard's Review, 14 December 1918, 49-50.
71. Frank Rawlinson, "Letter to Warnshuis, 2 March 1928," Rawlinson Papers, Archives, Missionary Research Library, New York.
72. "Plea from the Chinese Church," A. L. Warnshuis Papers, folder 67, Archives, Missionary Research Library, New York.
73. "Two Important Resolutions," Warnshuis Papers.
74. Frank Rawlinson, "Letter to Warnshuis, 8 May 1924," Rawlinson Papers.
75. Minutes of Forty-first Session of China Conference, Methodist Episcopal Church, South (Shanghai, 1926), 40.
76. National Christian Council Annual Report, 1925-26 (Shanghai, 1926), 52-54, 56-67;
77. Rawlinson, "Letter to Warnshuis, 2 March 1928," Rawlinson Papers.
78. Rawlinson, "Letter to Warnshuis, 30 July 1926," Rawlinson Papers
79. Peter Min-Main Wang, "Missionary Attitude Toward the Indigenous Movement in China: The Case of the Wenshe, 1925-1928," Republican China 17 (April 1992): 110-30.
80. J. S. Whitewright, "Some Lessons Learned during Forty-one Years in China," Chinese Recorder 55 (April 1924): 226.
81. James C. Thomson, While China Faced West: American Reformers in Nationalist China (Cambridge, 1969), 160-95.
82. Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, vol. 4 (Peking, 1961), 448;
83. Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, Ibid., vol. 2 (1965): 369.