Equids in Mari and Chagar Bazar

Altorientalische Forschungen

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 19-30

  Van Koppen, Frans ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61249275412     PISSN: 02328461     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1524/aofo.2002.29.1.19     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Abbreviations according to Reallexikon der Assyriologie VIII (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1997).
2. See notably J. N. Postgate, “The Equids of Sumer, Again”, in: R. H. Meadow and H.-P. Uerpmann (eds.), Equids in the Ancient World (Beih. TAVO A 19/1; Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1896) 194-206. K. Van Lerberghe, “The Livestock”, in: F. Ismail et al., Administrative Documents from Tell Beydar (Seasons 1993-1995) (Subartu II, Turnhout: Brepols, 1996)
3. Following the chronology proposed by H. Gasche et al., Dating the Fall of Babylon. A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (A Joint Ghent-ChicagoHarvard Project) (Mesopotamian History and Environment II Mem. IV. Neuchatel: Recherches et Publications, 1998).
4. W. Heimpel, “Chariot teams, a lqmule-donkey,rq and a twist of tongue”, NABU, 1997-1961.
5. Another unpublished duplicate to ARMT IX 149/150 is mentioned by M. Guichard, “Une nouvelle mention de Šulši-kudur à Mari”, NABU 1995/1998, especially p. 101.
6. See my contribution “Seized by royal order: The households of Sammětar and other magnates at Mari”, in D. Charpin and J.-M. Durand (eels.), Recueil d'études à la mémoire d'André Parrot. To appear in the series Florilegium marianum (Mém. de NABU, Paris: SEPOA).
7. Together with anse-la-gu, see D. Charpin, “Les archives du devin Asqudum dans la residence du lqChantier Arq”, MARI 4 (1985) 453-462, especially p. 458.
8. For wheeled vehicles in early second millennium BC Mesopotamia, see the convenient overview offered by p. R. s. Moorey, “The emergence of the light, horse-drawn chariot in the Near East c., 2000-1500BC.”, World Archaeology 18 [1986] 196-215. Two-wheeled chariots are well attested in inventory texts from Mari, see J.-M. Durand, ARMT XXI, p. 280–293.
9. The reading of the logogram xisgigir in Mari is discussed by M. Guichard, “Les chars et leur carrosserie”, NABU 1994-1931.
10. The writing an?e-kur-kur also appears in F. Joannes, “Palmyre et les routes du désert”, MARI 8
11. The original designation anse-zi-zi was later replaced by anse-kur-ra, a designation constructed in anology to anse-eden-na (and later anse-a-ab-ba), see J. Zarins, “The Domesticated Equidae of Third Millennium B.C. Mesopotamia”, JCS 30
12. J. N. Postgate, Equids in the Ancient World, p. 198.
13. B. Lafont, ARMT XXIII, p. 279, proposes urftu, but this designation for mare seems nonexistent.
14. AHw s.v. ur?tu proposes “eher *sis?tu?” as a reading for first millennium MI. ANSE.KUR.RA. F.M. Fales and J.N. Postgate, SAA VII, p. 170 translate urti as “team (of horses)”, and the logogram list of the same book reads KUR.MI.HÚB, “mare” as atãnu.
15. For uru, urãti see J.D.A.P. MacGinnis, Some inscribed horse throughs of Sennacherib, Iraq 51
16. W. Von Soden, in his review of ARMT XXI-XXIV, Or 56
17. J. Zarins jes 30
18. J.-M. Durand, Documents Épistolaires du Palais de Mari II (Littératures Anciennes du Proche-Orient 17, Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1998) 487.
19. See Ph. Talon, ARMT XXIV, p. 6;
20. B. Lafont, ARMT XXIII, p. 279;
21. K.R. Veenhof, Status and offices of an Anatolian gentleman. Two unpublished letters of Huharimataku from karum Kanish, in: K. Emre et al. (eds.), Tahsin ozgüç'e Armagan. Anatolia and the Ancient Near East. Studies in Honor of Tahsin ozgüç (Ankara: [Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi], 1989) 515-525, especially \p. 521-522 note 20.
22. J. Eidem, Raiders of the lost treasure of Sams?-Addu, in: D. Charpin and J.-M. Durand (eds.), Florilegium marianum II. Recueil d'etudes a la memoire de Maurice Birot (Mém. de NABU III, Paris: SEPOA, 1994) 201-208, especially p. 204 FM II 116: 20.
23. Published by B. Lafont, “Copies cunéiformes d'ARMT XXII?-3”, MARI 5 (1987) 381-408, especially p. 392.
24. J. N. Postgate, Equids in the Ancient World, p. 197.
25. The philological groundwork has been laid by K. Maekawa, “The Ass and the Onager in Sumer in the Late Third Millennium B. C.”, ASJ 1
26. A. Archi, “The Regional State of Nagar According to the Texts of Ebla”, in: M. Lebeau, About Subartu. Studies devoted to Upper Mesopotamia. Vol. 2 - Culture, Society, Image (Subartu IV/2 Turnhout: Brepols, 1998) 1-15, especially p. 11-12.
27. J. Zarins, JCS 30
28. See J. N. Postgate, Equids in the Ancient World, p. 198 note 14 and AbB 13 52.
29. See K. R. Veenhof, Tahsin ozgiiç'e Armagan, p. 522 note 20.
30. Ph. Talon, Old Babylonian Texts from Chagar Bazar (Akkadica Suppl. X, Brussels: Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 1997), texts nr. 65 and 74. For the texts from Chagar Bazar see also my review of this book in Afo 46-47 [1999-2000] 336-341.
31. See my article “The organisation of institutional agriculture in Mari” in JESHO 44
32. The mayyaltum was a large wagon drawn by oxen and fit to house babies and their wet nurses, see A.3892 (cited by J.-M. Durand, ARMT XXVI/1, p. 123 note 20)
33. with commentaries by B. Groneberg, “La culture matérielle à Mari II: der n?balum und seine Objekte”, MARI 6 (1990) 161-180, especially \p. 162-163, and
34. M. Stol, “Old Babylonian Cattle”, BSA 8
35. W. Heimpel, RIA 7
36. W. Heimpel, NABU 1997-1961, especially p. 60.
37. Note that Ph. Talon, Chagar Bazar, texts nr. 65 and 74 summarise all animals in the text as the simdatum, “teams”, of Yasmah-Addu. This must be interpreted as a general functional designation of the group. Most animals were used for traction of chariots or a mayyaltum-wagon, but some riders on anSe-la-gu equids might have accompanied the royal train.
38. Fodder for “teams”, horses, and anse-la-gu are recorded in Ph. Talon, Chagar Bazar, texts nr. 22
39. The writing an?e-gìr-nun-na is a variant of earlier anše-gîr-nun-na attested in late second and first milennium texts, see J. Klein, Three Sulgi Hymns (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 1981), 205
40. W. Heimpel, “Maultier”, RIA 7
41. W. Heimpel, RIA 7
42. As remarked by W. Heimpel, RIA 7
43. Note that a substantial number of manuscript have the shorter form: J. Klein's edition of Sulgi A line 16 gives eight witnesses to anse-gir-nun-na against three to anse-nun-na and one to dùr(ANSE.NITA)-nun-na, see J. Klein, Three Sulgi Hymns, p. 188–189 and 205.
44. A. Archi, Subartu IV/2
45. W. Heimpel, RIA 7
46. W. Heimpel, RIA 7
47. See the seal published and discussed by D. I. Owen, “The lqFirstrq Equestrian: An Ur III Glyptic Scene”, ASJ 13
48. The k?danum-equid was never used for riding (contra CAD D 64 a). The one reference to a “mule rider” (CAD K 491 a), wa-si-ib ku-da-ni' in ARMT VII 12: 5, turned out to be a “sitter on a chair” (wa-si-ib ku-si-i) according to the collations of D. charpin and J.-M. Durand, “Relectures d'ARMT VII”, MARI 2
49. see for example D. Charpin and J.-M. Durand, “lqFils de Sim'alrq: les origines tribales des rois de Mari”, RA 80
50. S. Lafont, “Nouvelles données sur la royauté mésopotamienne”, Revue Historiqe de Droit Français et Étranger 74
51. J. N. Postgate, Equids in the Ancient World, p. 193–198.
52. See also J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia. Society and economy at the dawn of history (London: Routledge, 1992) 165-166.
53. J. N. Postgate, Equids in the Ancient World, p. 200.
54. J. N. Postgate, Equids in the Ancient World, p. 198.
55. J. N. Postgate, Equids in the Ancient World, p. 198 note 15.
56. See W. Heimpel NABU, 1997-1961. References to older studies of Akkadian agalum are collected by K. Maekawa, ASJ 1
57. Ph. Talon, Chagar Bazar, texts nr. 22
58. see J.-M. Durand, Documents Épistolaires du Palais de Mari III, p. 291)