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1
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0003782210
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Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture: An Exploration of the Borderland between Anthropology, Medicine, and Psychiatry
-
Berkeley: University of California Press
-
For a foundational description of health care as a system, see Arthur Kleinman, Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture: An Exploration of the Borderland between Anthropology, Medicine, and Psychiatry (Comparative Studies of Health Systems and Medical Care 3; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 24-60
-
(1980)
Comparative Studies of Health Systems and Medical Care
, vol.3
, pp. 24-60
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Kleinman, A.1
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4
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80054390683
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The Epistle of James in Modern Discussion
-
25.5
-
A scholarly consensus holds that James purports to be written by James, the brother of Jesus, leader of the Jerusalem church until his death around the year 62. Yet whether James is penned directly by him, represents a collection of his teaching revised by a later editor, or is simply a pseudonymous work is unclear. Proposals have located the audience from Palestine to Hellenistic Egypt to Rome. See, e.g., Peter H. Davids, "The Epistle of James in Modern Discussion," ANRW 25.5:3622-27
-
ANRW
, pp. 3622-3627
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-
Davids, P.H.1
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6
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60950094419
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-
New Testament Readings; London: Routledge
-
Richard Bauckham, James: Wisdom of James, Disciple of Jesus the Sage (New Testament Readings; London: Routledge, 1999), 25-28. The generalized nature of the letter is already clear from its address to "the twelve tribes in the Dispersion." Bauckham argues that James constructs imaginary scenarios (e.g., a visit of a rich and poor person to the συναγ ωγή, in 2:2-3) that might have taken place in any Diaspora community, and that passages such as Jas 2:14-20 are written in a diatribe style in which the author addresses a generalized opponent. Bauckham's proposed generalized audience fits the situation in our passage well: James employs the indefinite τις in its instructions on healing (5:14; cf. the use of τις in 1:5,23,26; 2:14-18; 3:2; 5:19)
-
(1999)
James: Wisdom of James, Disciple of Jesus the Sage
, pp. 25-28
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Bauckham, R.1
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9
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80054415169
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BAGD, 402
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BAGD, 402
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-
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11
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37749016363
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-
New Haven/London: Yale University Press
-
Dale B. Martin rightly cautions against reading Cartesian dualisms of body/soul and natural/supernatural into ancient writings (The Corinthian Body [New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1995], 3-15)
-
(1995)
The Corinthian Body
, pp. 3-15
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-
Martin, D.B.1
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15
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80054415175
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James, 84
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In his discussion of dualism in James, Johnson proposes that Jas 4:4 "might be taken as thematic for the composition as a whole" (James, 84)
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-
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16
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84970353750
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The Epistle of James in Rhetorical and Social Scientific Perspective: Holiness-wholeness and Patterns of Replication
-
John H. Elliott, The Epistle of James in Rhetorical and Social Scientific Perspective: Holiness-Wholeness and Patterns of Replication," BTB 23 (1993): 71. A major point developed by Elliott is the connection between wholeness and purity in James
-
(1993)
BTB
, vol.23
, pp. 71
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Elliott, J.H.1
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17
-
-
80054415216
-
-
On Jas 1:2-4 as the statement of the "main theme" within the rhetorical structure of James, see Elliott, "Social Scientific Perspective," 71-72, and the literature cited there. Concern with wholeness is apparent already at the level of James's word choices: τέ λειος is found in Jas 1:4, 17, 25; 3:2 (see also the use of τελέω in 2:8; τελ ειόω in 2:22; τέλο ς in 5:11; αcombining comma aboveποτελ έω in 1:15 ). The related term οcombining reversed comma abovéλος (2:10; 3:2, 3, 6; οcombining reversed comma aboveλοcombining reversed comma aboveκληρος in 1:4) reflects the same concern
-
Social Scientific Perspective
, pp. 71-72
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Elliott1
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20
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80054415137
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Jas 4:1
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Ηδοναί are identified as divisive forces in Jas 4:1
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-
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21
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80054415157
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First definition in BAGD, 451
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First definition in BAGD, 451
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-
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24
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0004008053
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London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
-
In her classic study, Mary Douglas shows how rituals in various cultures presuppose that an individual's body symbolizes the social body (Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo [London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966], 114-28)
-
(1966)
Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo
, pp. 114-128
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-
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25
-
-
80054415140
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-
Jas 3:1-12 as a "self-contained" section, Johnson, James, 253
-
On Jas 3:1-12 as a "self-contained" section, see Johnson, James, 253
-
-
-
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26
-
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80054415149
-
-
Compare 1 Cor 6:15
-
Compare 1 Cor 6:15
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-
-
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27
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60949630097
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WBC 48; Waco: Word
-
For similar arguments favoring a reference to a teacher's speech, see Ralph P. Martin, James (WBC 48; Waco: Word, 1988) 104-5
-
(1988)
James
, pp. 104-105
-
-
Martin, R.P.1
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28
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-
63649100800
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-
AB 37; Garden City, NY: Doubleday
-
and Bo Reicke, The Epistles of James, Peter, and Jude: Introduction, Translation, and Notes (AB 37; Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964), 37-38. Martin thinks especially of the teacher's speech in a liturgical setting
-
(1964)
The Epistles of James, Peter, and Jude: Introduction, Translation, and Notes
, pp. 37-38
-
-
Reicke, B.1
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29
-
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80054382476
-
-
Classic Commentary Library; repr., Grand Rapids: Zondervan
-
Johnson (James, 259) quotes J. B. Mayor's conclusion that "in our microcosm, the tongue represents or constitutes the unrighteous world" (The Epistle of Saint James: The Greek Text with Introduction, Notes, Comments, and Further Studies in the Epistle of St. James [Classic Commentary Library; repr., Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1954], 115)
-
(1954)
The Epistle of Saint James: The Greek Text with Introduction, Notes, Comments, and Further Studies in the Epistle of St. James
, pp. 115
-
-
-
30
-
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80054382564
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Jas 2:9
-
See Jas 2:9, "But if you show partiality, you commit sin."
-
-
-
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31
-
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80054415084
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Crosby, LCL
-
Crosby, LCL
-
-
-
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32
-
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37749016363
-
-
Cohoon and Crosby, LCL. For a discussion of this text and other examples of the topos, see Martin, Corinthian Body, 38-39
-
Corinthian Body
, pp. 38-39
-
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Martin1
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33
-
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80054415071
-
-
Compare Elliott's more detailed chart of dualistic contrasts in James ("Social Scientific Perspective," 75-77)
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Social Scientific Perspective
, pp. 75-77
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-
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34
-
-
0017059333
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Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems
-
Avalos builds on the work of George M. Foster ("Disease Etiologies in Non-Western Medical Systems," American Anthropologist 78 [1976]: 773-82) and Pilch. In James's time, the Hippocratic tradition focused on naturalistic causes, while a variety of religious systems took personalistic approaches
-
(1976)
American Anthropologist
, vol.78
, pp. 773-782
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-
Foster, G.M.1
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36
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80054375629
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Metaph. 1.3
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Metaph. 1.3)
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-
-
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38
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80054375620
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2 Chr 16:12-13
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Contrast the passage in 2 Chr 16:12-13, where the physician's art and God's healing are set in opposition
-
-
-
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39
-
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80054379457
-
-
esp. 143
-
Martin, Corinthian Body, 140-46, esp. 143 n. 14
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Corinthian Body
, Issue.14
, pp. 140-146
-
-
Martin1
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40
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80054376103
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-
Ep. 95.52
-
Compare also Seneca's comment, quoted above, "all that you behold, that which comprises both god and man, is one" (Ep. 95.52)
-
-
-
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41
-
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80054381288
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Exod 4:11
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For example, Exod 4:11: "Who gives speech to mortals? Who makes them mute or deaf, seeing or blind? Is it not I, says the Lord?"
-
-
-
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42
-
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80054412551
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Job 5:18
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and Job 5:18: "For he [God] wounds, but he binds up; he strikes, but his hands heal."
-
-
-
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43
-
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80054412531
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-
Deut 7:15; 32:39
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Deut 7:15; 32:39
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-
-
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44
-
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80054388236
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Isa 45:7
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Isa 45:7
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-
-
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45
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80054382487
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Amos 3:6
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Amos 3:6
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-
-
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46
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80054394147
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Luke 13:1-5
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Luke 13:1-5
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-
-
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47
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80054394150
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John 9:1-3
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John 9:1-3
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-
-
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48
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85037347969
-
-
See further references in Davids, James, 194
-
James
, pp. 194
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Davids1
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49
-
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80054412633
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John 12:40
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John 12:40
-
-
-
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50
-
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80054414288
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Mark 9:17
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This view is expressed in the Gospels (e.g., Mark 9:17
-
-
-
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51
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80054382470
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Luke 13:11
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Luke 13:11)
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-
-
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52
-
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80054412638
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Ant. 8.46-49
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Josephus discusses a contemporary of his, a certain Eleazar, who followed Solomon's example of healing by casting out demons (Ant. 8.46-49)
-
-
-
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53
-
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64249117709
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rev. H. Greeven; Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress
-
Dibelius, James: A Commentary on the Epistle of James (rev. H. Greeven; Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1976), 252. Dibelius understands the phrase εν τω ονοματι του κυριου as a reference to a ritual invocation of the Lord's name
-
(1976)
James: A Commentary on the Epistle of James
, pp. 252
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-
Dibelius1
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54
-
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80054381692
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-
Dibelius, James, 252
-
It may refer to a specific invocation of the Lord's name (so Dibelius, James, 252)
-
-
-
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55
-
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80054412650
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Luke 10:17
-
or more generally to the power by which the anointing is done (cf. Luke 10:17)
-
-
-
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56
-
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80054414269
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Davids, James, 193
-
most commentators judge that the action occurs simultaneously (e.g., Davids, James, 193)
-
-
-
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57
-
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80054388291
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Hom. Lev. 2.4.5
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Origen's quotation of Jas 5:14 includes the phrase "and they will place their hands on him" (Hom. Lev. 2.4.5)
-
-
-
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58
-
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72849153123
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Edinburgh: Handsel; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans
-
John Wilkinson sees the oil as medicinal, arguing from its widespread medicinal use in contemporary culture and James's use of the more "secular" verb αcombining comma aboveλεί ψω for anointing instead of the more obviously cultic χριω (The Bible and Healing: A Medical and Theological Commentary [Edinburgh: Handsel; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998], 248-55)
-
(1998)
The Bible and Healing: A Medical and Theological Commentary
, pp. 248-255
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-
Wilkinson, J.1
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59
-
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0007200039
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The Devil, Disease, and Deliverance: Origins of Illness in New Testament Thought
-
Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press
-
For other scholars who favor a medici-nal interpretation, see John Christopher Thomas, The Devil, Disease, and Deliverance: Origins of Illness in New Testament Thought (Journal of Pentecostal Theology Supplement Series 13; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998), 25 n. 38
-
(1998)
Journal of Pentecostal Theology Supplement Series
, vol.13
, Issue.38
, pp. 25
-
-
Thomas, J.C.1
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60
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80054388282
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Seneca Ep. 53.5
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Seneca Ep. 53.5
-
-
-
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61
-
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80054414261
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Pliny Nat. 15.4; 23.39
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Pliny Nat. 15.4; 23.39
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-
-
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62
-
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80054412583
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Philo Somn. 2.58
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For medicinal use in a Hellenistic Jewish context see Philo Somn. 2.58 (oil strengthens and firms muscles)
-
-
-
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63
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80054388264
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Josephus Ant. 17.172
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Josephus Ant. 17.172
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-
-
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64
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80054381652
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J. W. 1.657
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J. W. 1.657 (Herod's physicians bathe him in warm oil)
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-
-
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65
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80054381631
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Isa 1:6
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See Isa 1:6
-
-
-
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66
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80054388253
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Luke 10:34
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and Luke 10:34 for medicinal use of oil for treating wounds
-
-
-
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67
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61249402519
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-
HNTC; San Francisco: Harper & Row
-
Sophie Laws appropriately cautions against a sharp distinction between "medicinal" and "religious" elements in James's description (A Commentary on the Epistle of James [HNTC; San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980], 227). As Avalos and Foster recognize, beliefs in naturalistic and personalistic causation are not mutually exclusive
-
(1980)
A Commentary on the Epistle of James
, pp. 227
-
-
-
69
-
-
80054412568
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Oleum
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A. S. Pease, "Oleum," PW 17:2454-74
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PW
, vol.17
, pp. 2454-2474
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-
Pease, A.S.1
-
70
-
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61249484520
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L'onction des malades d'après Saint Jacques
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Bo Reicke, "L'onction des malades d'après Saint Jacques," La Maison-Dieu 113 (1973): 50-56
-
(1973)
La Maison-Dieu
, vol.113
, pp. 50-56
-
-
Bo, R.1
-
71
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50349084726
-
Oil in Ancient Greece and Rome
-
For cultic use of olive oil, see Angus Bowie, "Oil in Ancient Greece and Rome," in Dudley and Rowell, Oil of Gladness, 26-34
-
Dudley and Rowell, Oil of Gladness
, pp. 26-34
-
-
Bowie, A.1
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72
-
-
80054412534
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Oil in Ancient Greece and Rome
-
30
-
Bowie, "Oil in Ancient Greece and Rome," 27-28, 30)
-
-
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Bowie1
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74
-
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80054388178
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OTP 2:259-95
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OTP 2:259-95
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-
-
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75
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61449247845
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Introduction to Life of Adam and Eve
-
The Apocalypse of Moses is dated toward the end of the first century C.E. by M. D. Johnson ("Introduction to Life of Adam and Eve," OTP 2:252)
-
OTP
, vol.2
, pp. 252
-
-
Johnson, M.D.1
-
76
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80054414180
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-
Apoc. Mos. 40:2
-
Near the end of the narrative archangels anoint Adam's body (Apoc. Mos. 40:2)
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-
-
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77
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80054388195
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2 En. 22:8-10
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The archangel Michael is sent by the Lord to take off Enoch's worldly clothes, anoint him with "delightful oil," and put him into "the clothes of glory" (2 En. 22:8-10)
-
-
-
-
78
-
-
80054388204
-
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OTP 1:138-39
-
As a result, Enoch becomes "like one of the glorious ones, and there was no observable difference" (OTP 1:138-39)
-
-
-
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79
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80054414179
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OTP 2:91
-
2 Enoch is notoriously difficult to date; the notes by F. I. Andersen suggest the late first century C.E. as most plausible (OTP 2:91, but see also pp. 94-95 for qualifications)
-
-
-
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80
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80054414177
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2 En. 8:5
-
An olive tree in paradise flowing with oil is also mentioned (2 En. 8:5, shorter recension)
-
-
-
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81
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80054412307
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Jos. Asen. 8:5; 15:5; and 16:16
-
and the references to the "ointment of incorruptibility" in Jos. Asen. 8:5; 15:5; and 16:16
-
-
-
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82
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80054387928
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Davids, James, 194
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E.g., Davids, James, 194
-
-
-
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83
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80054376229
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Dibelius, James, 254
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Dibelius, James, 254
-
-
-
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84
-
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80054388145
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Mark 5:23, 28, 34; 10:52
-
In support of his view, Davids refers to Mark 5:23, 28, 34; 10:52
-
-
-
-
85
-
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80054388169
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Eschatological 'Rain' Imagery in the War Scroll from Qumran and in the Letter of James
-
Robert Eisenman uncovers yet another eschatological dimension to this passage with his plausible suggestion that references to Elijah's effective prayers (5:17-18) evoked among James's readers images of rain as eschatological judgment ("Eschatological 'Rain' Imagery in the War Scroll from Qumran and in the Letter of James," JNES 49 [1990]: 173-84)
-
(1990)
JNES
, vol.49
, pp. 173-184
-
-
-
90
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60949851983
-
The Elders: Seniority within Earliest Christianity
-
Edinburgh: T & T Clark
-
R. Alastair Campbell, The Elders: Seniority within Earliest Christianity (Studies of the New Testament and its World; Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1994), 246
-
(1994)
Studies of the New Testament and Its World
, pp. 246
-
-
Campbell, R.A.1
-
92
-
-
80054381564
-
Open Healing and Open Eating: Jesus as a Jewish Cynic?
-
John Dominic Crossan, "Open Healing and Open Eating: Jesus as a Jewish Cynic?" BR 36 (1991): 6-18
-
(1991)
BR
, vol.36
, pp. 6-18
-
-
Crossan, J.D.1
-
93
-
-
0003647390
-
-
San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco esp. 341-44
-
see also Crossan's analysis of "magic and meal" (The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant [San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991], 303-53, esp. 341-44)
-
(1991)
The Historical Jesus: The Life of A Mediterranean Jewish Peasant
, pp. 303-353
-
-
-
94
-
-
0003712612
-
-
Princeton: Princeton University Press
-
Although he deals with a later time period, one can also refer to Rodney Stark's view that the effectiveness of the Christian health care system was a major contributing factor to the spread of Christianity in the second and third centuries (The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996], 73-94)
-
(1996)
The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History
, pp. 73-94
-
-
-
96
-
-
0026825713
-
Early Christianity as a Religion of Healing
-
For a view denying that healing was a distinctive feature of earliest Christianity, see Gary B. Ferngren, "Early Christianity as a Religion of Healing," Bulletin of the History of Mediane 66 (1992): 1-15
-
(1992)
Bulletin of the History of Mediane
, vol.66
, pp. 1-15
-
-
Ferngren, G.B.1
|