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Volumn 89, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 19-40

"Try to be a man": The rabbinic construction of masculinity

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 61249164189     PISSN: 00178160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0017816000031795     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (64)

References (160)
  • 3
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    • Honour and Social Status
    • especially, John G. Peristiany, ed, reprinted Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974 19-77
    • See especially Julian Pitt-Rivers, "Honour and Social Status," in John G. Peristiany, ed., Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society (1966; reprinted Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974) 19-77
    • (1966) Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society
    • Pitt-Rivers, J.1
  • 5
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    • Introduction: The Shame of Dishonor
    • Washington, D.C, American Anthropological Association
    • David D. Gilmore, "Introduction: The Shame of Dishonor," in Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean (Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, 1987) 2-21
    • (1987) Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean , pp. 2-21
    • Gilmore, D.D.1
  • 8
    • 64949195629 scopus 로고
    • New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America; Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi
    • and Lee I. Levine, The Rabbinic Class of Roman Palestine (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America; Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 1989)
    • (1989) The Rabbinic Class of Roman Palestine
    • Levine, L.I.1
  • 11
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    • The History of Sexuality
    • trans. Robert Hurley; New York: Random House
    • On the increasing tendency of all philosophies to emphasize male self-control, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 3: Care of the Self (trans. Robert Hurley; New York: Random House, 1988) 39-68
    • (1988) Care of the Self , vol.3 , pp. 39-68
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 12
    • 85038718646 scopus 로고
    • Une féministe romain: Musonius Rufus
    • On the Stoic attitude toward sexual equality
    • On the Stoic attitude toward sexual equality, see Charles Favez, "Une féministe romain: Musonius Rufus," Bulletin de la Société des Études de Lettres 20 (1933) 1-8
    • (1933) Bulletin de la Société des Études de Lettres , vol.20 , pp. 1-8
    • Favez, C.1
  • 13
    • 0007451727 scopus 로고
    • Seneca and the Stoics on the Equality of the Sexes
    • C. E. Manning, "Seneca and the Stoics on the Equality of the Sexes," Mnemosyne 26 (1973) 170-77
    • (1973) Mnemosyne , vol.26 , pp. 170-177
    • Manning, C.E.1
  • 15
    • 60949172066 scopus 로고
    • Infirmitas Sexus: Womanly Weakness in Roman Law
    • On the idea of women being unable to control themselves, see Suzanne Dixon, "Infirmitas Sexus: Womanly Weakness in Roman Law," Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 52 (1984) 343-71
    • (1984) Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis , vol.52 , pp. 343-371
    • Dixon, S.1
  • 16
    • 60949661227 scopus 로고
    • Sex, Shame, and Rhetoric: En-Gendering Early Christian Ethics
    • On these themes in the early church
    • On these themes in the early church, see Elizabeth A. Clark, "Sex, Shame, and Rhetoric: En-Gendering Early Christian Ethics," JAAR 59 (1991) 221-45
    • (1991) JAAR , vol.59 , pp. 221-245
    • Clark, E.A.1
  • 18
    • 84971922904 scopus 로고
    • Making Mary Male: The Categories 'Male' and 'Female' in the Gospel of Thomas
    • and Marvin W. Meyer, "Making Mary Male: The Categories 'Male' and 'Female' in the Gospel of Thomas," NTS 31 (1985) 554-70
    • (1985) NTS , vol.31 , pp. 554-570
    • Meyer, M.W.1
  • 20
    • 0007410609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colish, The Stoic Tradition, 2. Colish argues that early Christian Latin thought was far more influenced by Stoicism than has heretofore been thought
    • The Stoic Tradition , pp. 2
    • Colish1
  • 22
    • 85038731170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. Reub. 5.1-7
    • T. Reub. 5.1-7
  • 23
    • 85038657959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also T. Judah 13
    • , vol.13
    • Judah, T.1
  • 24
    • 85038758383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. Joseph 6.7, 10.2-3
    • T. Joseph 6.7, 10.2-3
  • 26
    • 79957752197 scopus 로고
    • God and Image of Woman in Early Jewish Religion
    • further, Kari Elisabeth, ed, Oslo: Solum Forlag, 46-47
    • See further Anders Hultgȧrd, "God and Image of Woman in Early Jewish Religion," in Kari Elisabeth BØrresen, ed., Image of God and Gender Models in Judaeo-Christian Tradition (Oslo: Solum Forlag, 1991) 46-47
    • (1991) Image of God and Gender Models in Judaeo-Christian Tradition
    • Hultgȧrd, A.1
  • 27
    • 64949085764 scopus 로고
    • The 'Weaker Sex' in the Testament of Job
    • See Susan R. Garrett, "The 'Weaker Sex' in the Testament of Job," JBL 112 (1993) 55-70
    • (1993) JBL , vol.112 , pp. 55-70
    • Garrett, S.R.1
  • 28
    • 77953304032 scopus 로고
    • Images of Women in the Testament of Job
    • Michael A. Knibb and Pieter W. van der Horst, eds.,, SNTSMS 66; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • See also Pieter W. van der Horst, "Images of Women in the Testament of Job," in Michael A. Knibb and Pieter W. van der Horst, eds., Studies in the Testament of Job (SNTSMS 66; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) 99-113
    • (1989) Studies in the Testament of Job , pp. 99-113
    • van der Horst, P.W.1
  • 29
    • 85038715483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • hilo Sob. 5
    • Philo Sob. 5
  • 30
    • 85038738550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mos. 2.68
    • see also Mos. 2.68
  • 31
    • 61249250540 scopus 로고
    • Ascetical Aspects of Ancient Judaism
    • Philo, Arthur Green, ed, London: Routledge, esp 263-266
    • For ascetic tendencies in Philo, see Steven D. Fraade, "Ascetical Aspects of Ancient Judaism," in Arthur Green, ed., Jewish Spirituality: From the Bible through the Middle Ages (London: Routledge, 1986) 253-88, esp. 263-66
    • (1986) Jewish Spirituality: From the Bible through the Middle Ages , pp. 253-288
    • Fraade, S.D.1
  • 32
    • 60950441692 scopus 로고
    • Spiritual Marriage with Sophia
    • Richard A. Horsley, "Spiritual Marriage with Sophia," VC 33 (1979) 38-40
    • (1979) VC , vol.33 , pp. 38-40
    • Horsley, R.A.1
  • 33
    • 85038801410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abr. 253 Abraham
    • Philo Abr. 253 (Abraham)
    • Philo1
  • 34
    • 85038784332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sob. 65 (Jacob)
    • Sob. 65 (Jacob)
  • 35
    • 85038673614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jos. 42-48 (Joseph)
    • Jos. 42-48 (Joseph)
  • 36
    • 85038775583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mos. 2.68 (Moses)
    • Mos. 2.68 (Moses)
  • 37
    • 0039430598 scopus 로고
    • On Philo's description of women, Atlanta: Scholars Press
    • On Philo's description of women, see Dorothy Sly, Philo's Perception of Women (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990)
    • (1990) Philo's Perception of Women
    • Sly, D.1
  • 38
    • 85038736323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philo Jos. 42-48; 54-57
    • Jos , vol.42-48 , pp. 54-57
    • Philo1
  • 39
    • 84929064368 scopus 로고
    • Monastic Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Egypt: Philo Judaeus on the Therapeutrides
    • further
    • See further Ross S. Kraemer, "Monastic Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Egypt: Philo Judaeus on the Therapeutrides," Signs 14 (1989) 342-70
    • (1989) Signs , vol.14 , pp. 342-370
    • Kraemer, R.S.1
  • 40
    • 85038668115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Josephus Bell. 2.120-61
    • Josephus Bell. 2.120-61
  • 41
    • 85038757523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • hilo Hypothetica 11.1-12
    • Philo Hypothetica 11.1-12
  • 42
    • 84875012867 scopus 로고
    • Understanding a Patriarch: Women in Second Century Jerusalem through the Eyes of Ben Sira
    • Amy-Jill Levine, ed, Atlanta: Scholars Press
    • Claudia V. Camp, "Understanding a Patriarch: Women in Second Century Jerusalem through the Eyes of Ben Sira," in Amy-Jill Levine, ed., "Women Like This": New Perspectives on Jewish Women in the Greco-Roman World (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991) 1-39
    • (1991) Women Like This: New Perspectives on Jewish Women in the Greco-Roman World , pp. 1-39
    • Camp, C.V.1
  • 45
    • 85038658482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • hilo Cher. 50 (ET 2. 39)
    • Philo Cher. 50 (ET 2. 39)
  • 47
    • 85038670076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • hilo Fug. 51-52 (ET Supp. 2. 15-16)
    • Philo Fug. 51-52 (ET Supp. 2. 15-16)
  • 48
    • 85038773086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abr. 99-102
    • See also Abr. 99-102
  • 49
    • 85038737366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • hilo Quaest. in Ex. 1.8 (ET 5. 37-79; modified)
    • Philo Quaest. in Ex. 1.8 (ET 5. 37-79; modified)
  • 50
    • 85038746029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • t. Yebamot 10.2
    • t. Yebamot 10.2
  • 51
    • 85038765763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Yebamot 82b, 83b
    • b. Yebamot 82b, 83b
  • 52
    • 85038794706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • y. Yebamot 8.6, 9d
    • y. Yebamot 8.6, 9d
  • 53
    • 85038765513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the', nn. 31-35 below
    • On the', see nn. 31-35 below. It is important here to differentiate between rabbinic constructions and reality. Rabbinic sources do mention in passing that some women could indeed control themselves, but this observation never penetrated to the level of gender construction. Shame, it appears, was one societal institution that promoted female chastity among Jews in late antiquity. See Michael L. Satlow, "Sex and Shame in Late-Antique Judaism," in Vincent L. Wimbush and Richard Valantasis, eds., Asceticism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995) 535-43
  • 54
    • 85038773918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Qidd. 80b
    • b. Qidd. 80b
  • 55
    • 85038777313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sifre Deut. 33 (ed. L. Finkelstein, Sifre on Deuteronomy [1939
    • Sifre Deut. 33 (ed. L. Finkelstein, Sifre on Deuteronomy [1939; reprinted New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1969] 60)
  • 56
    • 85038795732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ber. 17a, 60b; b. Qidd. 81b; y. Ber. 4:2, 7d
    • See b. Ber. 17a, 60b; b. Qidd. 81b; y. Ber. 4:2, 7d
  • 57
    • 85038778873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. 'Aboda Zar. 19a
    • b. 'Aboda Zar. 19a
  • 58
    • 85038689141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3.4, ed. Albeck, 3. 240-41
    • m. Soţ. 3.4 (ET Mishna, ed. Albeck, 3. 240-41)
    • m. Soţ
  • 60
    • 85038700688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ketub. 65a
    • b. Ketub. 65a
  • 61
    • 85038729327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ketub. 51b, 54a
    • b. Ketub. 51b, 54a
  • 62
    • 85038739638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Qidd. 81b
    • b. Qidd. 81b
  • 63
    • 85038655365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • s, m. 'Abot 1.5
    • See, for examples, m. 'Abot 1.5
  • 64
    • 85038735463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • m. Soţ. 1.5
    • m. Soţ. 1.5
  • 65
    • 85038729135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • t. Soţ. 1.7
    • t. Soţ. 1.7
  • 66
    • 85038695737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sifre Num. 139
    • , vol.139
    • Num, S.1
  • 67
    • 85038659196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • y. Soţ. 3.4, 19a
    • y. Soţ. 3.4, 19a
  • 68
    • 85038777489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Šabbat 62b (par. b. Yoma 9b)
    • b. Šabbat 62b (par. b. Yoma 9b)
  • 69
    • 85038772980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • y. Šabbat 14.4, 14d (par. y. 'Aboda Zar. 2.2, 40d; b. Sanh. 75a)
    • y. Šabbat 14.4, 14d (par. y. 'Aboda Zar. 2.2, 40d; b. Sanh. 75a)
  • 70
    • 61249616252 scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of these passages, Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press
    • For a discussion of these passages, see Michael L. Satlow, "Tasting the Dish": Rabbinic Rhetorics of Sexuality (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1995) 158-67
    • (1995) Tasting the Dish: Rabbinic Rhetorics of Sexuality , pp. 158-167
    • Satlow, M.L.1
  • 71
    • 85038805912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5.9-10, 14
    • See t. Qidd. 5.9-10, 14
    • Qidd, T.1
  • 72
    • 85038778800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • y. Soţ. 1.3, 16d
    • y. Soţ. 1.3, 16d
  • 73
    • 85038678717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Qidd. 80b-81b
    • b. Qidd. 80b-81b
  • 74
    • 0003886614 scopus 로고
    • further, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • See further Louis M. Epstein, Sex Laws and Customs in Judaism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1948) 68-75
    • (1948) Sex Laws and Customs in Judaism , pp. 68-75
    • Epstein, L.M.1
  • 75
    • 85038683284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4.12, ed. Albeck, 4. 328-29
    • m. Qidd. 4.12 (ET Mishna, ed. Albeck, 4. 328-29)
    • m. Qidd
  • 77
    • 85038757516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Soţ. 32b
    • b. Soţ. 32b
  • 79
    • 64949129778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On male modesty during sexual intercourse see the discussion in Satlow, "Tasting the Dish," 298-303
    • Tasting the Dish , pp. 298-303
    • Satlow1
  • 80
    • 85038783974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Nid. 31a-b
    • b. Nid. 31a-b
  • 81
    • 85038757655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ber. 60a (R Yitzhcombining dot belowak b. Ami)
    • b. Ber. 60a (R Yitzhcombining dot belowak b. Ami)
  • 82
    • 85038696534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Nid. 25b
    • b. Nid. 25b. (R. Yitzhcombining dot belowak b. Ami), 28a (R. Yitzhcombining dot belowak), 71a (R. Hcombining dot belowama b. R. Hcombining dot belowaninah)
  • 83
    • 85038776550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. 'Erubin 100b
    • See also b. 'Erubin 100b
  • 84
    • 85038765217 scopus 로고
    • trans, 2 vols, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2
    • See Galen, De usu pertium 14.6 (trans. Margaret Tallmade May; 2 vols.; Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1968) 2. 628-30
    • (1968) De usu pertium , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 628-630
    • Galen1
  • 85
    • 17344368517 scopus 로고
    • On Being a Male in the Middle Ages
    • Clare A. Lees, ed, Medieval Masculinities: Regarding Men in the Middle Ages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
    • This approach continues throughout the Middle Ages. See Vern L. Bullough, "On Being a Male in the Middle Ages," in Clare A. Lees, ed., Medieval Masculinities: Regarding Men in the Middle Ages (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994) 31-45
    • (1994) , pp. 31-45
    • Bullough, V.L.1
  • 86
    • 85038720642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MS Munich 95 reads, prince
    • MS Munich 95 reads, "prince"
  • 87
    • 85038658092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ned. 20a-b
    • b. Ned. 20a-b
  • 88
    • 85038738615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sifre Deut. 46 (ET Sifre Deut., ed. Finkelstein, 104)
    • Sifre Deut. 46 (ET Sifre Deut., ed. Finkelstein, 104)
  • 89
    • 85038736019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also b. Qidd. 29b
    • , vol.29 b
    • Qidd, B.1
  • 90
    • 85038769635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • y. Ber. 1.3, 4c
    • y. Ber. 1.3, 4c
  • 91
    • 85038722508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • y. 'Erubin 10.1, 26a
    • y. 'Erubin 10.1, 26a
  • 92
    • 85038773915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • m, Abot 3.1
    • m. 'Abot 3.1
  • 93
    • 85038756051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sifre Deut. 45 (ET Sifre Deut., ed. Finkelstein, 103-4)
    • Sifre Deut. 45 (ET Sifre Deut., ed. Finkelstein, 103-4)
  • 94
    • 85038736831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For other rabbinic comments on the efficacy of Torah study
    • For other rabbinic comments on the efficacy of Torah study, see b. Ber. 5a
    • , vol.5 a
    • Ber, B.1
  • 95
    • 85038662359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Sukk. 52a-b
    • b. Sukk. 52a-b
  • 96
    • 85038775564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Qidd. 30b
    • b. Qidd. 30b
  • 97
    • 85038755659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Sanh. 107a
    • b. Sanh. 107a
  • 98
    • 85038798731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • m. 'Abot 6.4
    • See m. 'Abot 6.4
  • 100
    • 85038757370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Soţ. 4b
    • b. Soţ. 4b
  • 101
    • 85038770698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • m. 'Abot 2.6 (ET Mishna, ed. Albeck 4. 359)
    • m. 'Abot 2.6 (ET Mishna, ed. Albeck 4. 359)
  • 102
    • 85038783695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • t. Ber. 6(7).24
    • t. Ber. 6(7).24
  • 103
    • 85038681269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is a close parallel in Aramaic at y. Ber. 9.8, 14d
    • There is a close parallel in Aramaic at y. Ber. 9.8, 14d
  • 105
    • 85038699578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ber. 63a
    • b. Ber. 63a
  • 106
    • 85038729605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the commentary of the Tosafot, b. Soţ. 23b, s.v.
    • See also the commentary of the Tosafot, b. Soţ. 23b, s.v.
  • 107
    • 85038728931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lev. R. 23.4
    • Lev. R. 23.4
  • 108
    • 85038676931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • t. Kel. B. Qamma 4.17
    • t. Kel. B. Qamma 4.17
  • 109
    • 85038679099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • t. Kel. B. Mescombining dot below. 1.6
    • t. Kel. B. Mescombining dot below. 1.6
  • 110
    • 85038691187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sifre Deut. 307
    • , vol.307
    • Deut, S.1
  • 111
    • 85038670632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ber. 10a (2)
    • b. Ber. 10a (2)
  • 112
    • 85038792093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. 'Erubin 53b-54a (2)
    • b. 'Erubin 53b-54a (2)
  • 113
    • 85038670539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Pesahcombining dot below. 62b
    • b. Pesahcombining dot below. 62b
  • 114
    • 85038764406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. 'Aboda Zar. 18a-b (2)
    • b. 'Aboda Zar. 18a-b (2)
  • 115
    • 85038772762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ber. 10a
    • b. Ber. 10a
  • 116
    • 85038661866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. 'Erubin 53b-54a
    • b. 'Erubin 53b-54a
  • 117
    • 85038671638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. 'Erubin 53b
    • b. 'Erubin 53b
  • 118
    • 64949130949 scopus 로고
    • Matrona and Rabbi Jose: An Alternative Interpretation
    • the recent study of
    • See the recent study of Tal Ilan, "Matrona and Rabbi Jose: An Alternative Interpretation," JSJ 25 (1994) 18-51. Ilan also offers a positivistic interpretation of these stories
    • (1994) JSJ , vol.25 , pp. 18-51
    • Ilan, T.1
  • 119
    • 85038678969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • y. Soţ. 3.4, 19a (par. Num. R. Naso 9.48)
    • y. Soţ. 3.4, 19a (par. Num. R. Naso 9.48)
  • 120
    • 85038699260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • t. Yebamot 3
    • The version of this story recorded at b. Yoma 66b appears to have been tacked on to a tradition cited from t. Yebamot 3
  • 121
    • 85038772834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a similar literary device (woman goes to rabbi who mocks her), b. Ned. 20b
    • For a similar literary device (woman goes to rabbi who mocks her), see b. Ned. 20b
  • 122
    • 85038688621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Texts of Terror': Rabbinic Texts, Speech Acts, and the Control of Mores, AJS Review
    • On these traditions, see further Michael L. Satlow, "'Texts of Terror': Rabbinic Texts, Speech Acts, and the Control of Mores," AJS Review [forthcoming]
    • L.further Michael1    Satlow2
  • 123
    • 85038703890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • s, b. Yebamot 103a-b (par. b. Hor. 10b; b. Nazir 23b)
    • See, for examples, b. Yebamot 103a-b (par. b. Hor. 10b; b. Nazir 23b)
  • 124
    • 85038698675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Qidd. 49b
    • b. Qidd. 49b
  • 125
    • 85038658186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Sanh. 39b, 95b
    • b. Sanh. 39b, 95b
  • 126
    • 85038710908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Nid. 31b
    • b. Nid. 31b
  • 127
    • 85038698285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • m. 'Aboda Zar. 2.1
    • m. 'Aboda Zar. 2.1
  • 128
    • 85038803897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • t. 'Aboda Zar. 3.1
    • See also t. 'Aboda Zar. 3.1
  • 129
    • 85038680325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. 'Aboda Zar. 22b (par. b. Šabbat 145b-146a; b. Yebamot 103b)
    • b. 'Aboda Zar. 22b (par. b. Šabbat 145b-146a; b. Yebamot 103b); (a) and (b) are paralleled at y. 'Aboda Zar. 2.1, 40c, and (c) at b. Giţ. 38a. My thanks to Shaye Cohen for this reference
  • 130
    • 85038717573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ber. 61a
    • b. Ber. 61a
  • 131
    • 85038797776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. 'Erubin 18b
    • See also b. 'Erubin 18b
  • 132
    • 85038739631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gen. R. 22.4 (Mishna Bereshit Rabba, eds. Theodor and Albeck, 210)
    • Gen. R. 22.4 (Mishna Bereshit Rabba, eds. Theodor and Albeck, 210)
  • 133
    • 85038660973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also b. Sukk. 52a
    • , vol.52 a
    • Sukk, B.1
  • 134
    • 85038669032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Sanh. 99b
    • b. Sanh. 99b
  • 135
    • 85038752252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8l m. 'Abot 1.5
    • 8l See m. 'Abot 1.5
  • 136
    • 85038729156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 51b, 54a, 62b
    • b. Ketub. 51b, 54a, 62b
    • b. Ketub
  • 137
    • 85038760495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1:8, 25d
    • y. Ketub. 1:8, 25d, 1:9, 25a
    • y. Ketub , vol.1 , Issue.9
  • 138
    • 85038756057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • y. Sanh. 2:3, 20b
    • y. Sanh. 2:3, 20b
  • 139
    • 85038722745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • m. 'Abot 3.8 (ET Mishna, ed. Albeck, 6. 365)
    • m. 'Abot 3.8 (ET Mishna, ed. Albeck, 6. 365)
  • 140
    • 85038657277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • m. 'Abot 3.7
    • See also m. 'Abot 3.7
  • 141
    • 85038765856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Menahcombining dot below. 99b
    • b. Menahcombining dot below. 99b
  • 142
    • 85038726008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. Ber. 8b
    • b. Ber. 8b
  • 143
    • 85038679612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b. B. Qam. 14b
    • b. B. Qam. 14b
  • 144
    • 26444434548 scopus 로고
    • They Abused Him Like a Woman': Homoeroticism, Gender Blurring, and the Rabbis in Late Antiquity
    • See Michael L. Satlow, "'They Abused Him Like a Woman': Homoeroticism, Gender Blurring, and the Rabbis in Late Antiquity," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994) 1-25
    • (1994) Journal of the History of Sexuality , vol.5 , pp. 1-25
    • Satlow, M.L.1
  • 146
    • 0009992568 scopus 로고
    • trans. George Lamb; London: Sheed & Ward
    • On taking the toga virilis, see H. I. Marrou, A History of Education in Antiquity (trans. George Lamb; London: Sheed & Ward, 1956) 233
    • (1956) A History of Education in Antiquity , pp. 233
    • Marrou H., I.1
  • 148
    • 85038804254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 9l Musonius Rufus 12.3; Juvenal 2.54-56
    • 9l See Musonius Rufus 12.3; Juvenal 2.54-56
  • 149
    • 0007421967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • rev. ed.; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992) xii-xxxiii, 81-143, 287-90, and the sources indicated on 246 n. 35
    • See further Richlin, Garden of Priapus (rev. ed.; New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992) xii-xxxiii, 81-143, 287-90, and the sources indicated on 246 n. 35
    • Garden of Priapus
    • Richlin1
  • 150
    • 79956437702 scopus 로고
    • Not Before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the Cinaedus and the Roman Law Against Love Between Men
    • idem, "Not Before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the Cinaedus and the Roman Law Against Love Between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3 (1993) 569-71
    • (1993) Journal of the History of Sexuality , vol.3 , pp. 569-571
    • Bonner, S.F.1
  • 151
    • 1842282900 scopus 로고
    • Roman Attitudes to Greek Love
    • and Ramsay MacMullen, "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love," Historia 31 (1982) 484-502
    • (1982) Historia , vol.31 , pp. 484-502
    • MacMullen, R.1
  • 152
    • 0040364513 scopus 로고
    • David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, Froma I. Zeitlin, eds., Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • Maud W. Gleason, "The Semiotics of Gender: Physiognomy and Self-Fashioning in the Second Century C.E.," in David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, Froma I. Zeitlin, eds., Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990) 389-415
    • (1990) The Semiotics of Gender: Physiognomy and Self-Fashioning in the Second Century C.E. , pp. 389-415
    • Gleason, M.W.1
  • 153
    • 79956437611 scopus 로고
    • Martin Jan Mulder, ed., Mikra (CRINT 2.1 ; Philadelphia: Fortress
    • See Louis H. Feldman, "Use, Authority and Exegesis of Mikra in the Writings of Josephus," in Martin Jan Mulder, ed., Mikra (CRINT 2.1 ; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988) 485-94. Because Antiquities was written for a Roman audience, it is hard to know to what extent Josephus subscribed to this construction of masculinity in contrast to the one that emerges from the wisdom tradition
    • (1988) Use, Authority and Exegesis of Mikra in the Writings of Josephus , pp. 485-494
    • Feldman, L.H.1
  • 156
    • 85038712316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land of Israel, CIJ 1045, 1056, 1161
    • For expressions of piety in Jewish inscriptions from the Land of Israel, see CIJ 1045, 1056, 1161
  • 157
    • 85038727663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Jewish inscriptions from Palestine that record an office or occupation, CIJ 883, 902
    • For Jewish inscriptions from Palestine that record an office or occupation, see CIJ 883, 902, 931, 945, 949
    • , vol.931 , Issue.945 , pp. 949
  • 158
    • 85038671106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rabbi Shimon b. Lakish: b. B. Mescombining dot below. 84a-b
    • Rabbi Shimon b. Lakish: b. B. Mescombining dot below. 84a-b
  • 159
    • 32944482555 scopus 로고
    • The Great Fat Massacre: Sex, Death, and the Grotesque Body in the Talmud
    • Howard Eilberg-Schwartz, ed, Albany: SUNY Press
    • see Daniel Boyarin, "The Great Fat Massacre: Sex, Death, and the Grotesque Body in the Talmud," in Howard Eilberg-Schwartz, ed., People of the Body: Jews and Judaism from an Embodied Perspective (Albany: SUNY Press, 1992) 69-100
    • (1992) People of the Body: Jews and Judaism from an Embodied Perspective , pp. 69-100
    • Boyarin, D.1
  • 160
    • 85038656205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • David: b. Mo'ed Qatcombining dot below. 16b
    • David: b. Mo'ed Qatcombining dot below. 16b


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