A commonwealth within itself. The early Brazilian sugar industry, 1550-1670

Revista de Indias

Volumn 65, Issue 233, 2005, Pages 79-116

  Schwartz, Stuart B ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

16 th 17 th centuries; Brazil; Holland; Market; Portugal; Production factors; Sugar

Indexed keywords

EID: 61249158406     PISSN: 00348341     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. C. PUDSEY, Journal of a Residence in Brazil, N. PAPAVERO and D. MARTINS TELXEIRA (eds.), Dutch Brazil [series], 3 vols., Petrópolis, 2000, vol. III, p. 25.
2. H. KELLENBENZ, «Relações econômicas entre Antuérpia e o Brasil no século XVII», Revista de História, 37, 1968, p. 295;
3. E. STOLS, «Um dos primeiros documentos sobre o Engenho dos Schetz em Sáo Paulo», Revista de História, 33, 1968, pp. 405-19.
4. D. ABREU E BRITO, Um inquerito a vida administrativa e económica de Angola e do Brasil (1591), Coimbra, Imprenta da Universidade (ed. A. de Albuquerque Felner), 1931, pp. 58-9.
5. G.B. HAGELBERG, «Sugar and History: A Global View», A. VIEIRA (ed), Slaves with or Without Sugar, Funchal, Centro de Estados de História do Atlântico, 1996, pp. 9-25.
6. See S. ROBLES REIS DE QUEIROZ, «Algunas notas sobre a lavoura do acucar em Sáo Paulo no período colonial», Anais do Museu Paulista, 21, 1967, pp. 109-277.
7. See the discussion in S.B. SCHWARTZ, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1853, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985, pp. 170-3.
8. See P. PUNTONI, A míseria sorte. a escravidão africana no Brasil holandes e as guerras do tráfico no Atlantico sul, 1621-1648), São Paulo, HUCITEC, 1999, pp. 81-2.
9. See J.A. GONSALVES DE MELLO (ed.), Pontes para a história do Brasil holandês. A economía açucareira, Recife, MEE/SPHAN, Fundação Nacional Pró-Memóriarpe, 1981.
10. J.M. DE NASSAU, A. VAN DER DUSSEN and M. VAN CEULLEN, «Breve discurso sobre o estado das quatro capitanías conquistadas» (1638), J.A. GONSALVES DE MELLO (ed.) [15], pp. 77-129.
11. A. VAN DER DUSSEN, «Relatório sobre o estado das Capitanías conquistadas no Brasil», J.A. GONSALVES DE MELLO (ed.) [15], pp. 137-232.
12. cited in C.R. BOXER, The Dutch in Brazil, Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, 1957, p. 143.
13. H. KELLENBENZ, Unternehmerkräfte im Hamburger Portugal-und Spanienhandel, 1590-1625, Hamburg, 1954,
14. and E. STOLS, De Spaanse Brabanders of de handelsbetrekkingen der Zuidelijke Nederlanden met de Iberische Wereld, 1589-1648, 2 vols., Hamburg, Verl. d. Hamburgischen Buecherei, 1954.
15. J.A. GONSALVES DE MELLO, «Os livros de saídas das urcas do porto do Recife», RIAHGP, 58, 1993, pp. 21-144.
16. th Century.
17. See J. EVERAERT, «Les barons flamands du sucre à Madère», J. EVERAERT and E. STOLS (eds.), Flandre et Portugal. Au confluent de deux cultures, Antwerp, Fonds Mercator, 1991, pp. 99-142.
18. e eeuw: een tegenstelling?», Tijdschrift Voor Geschiedenis, 83, 1970, pp. 15-37.
19. See also J. GONÇALVES SALVADOR, Os cristãos novos, povoamento e conquista do solo brasileiro, São Paulo, Livraria Pioneira, 1976.
20. See A.A. VIEIRA NASCIMIENTO, 'Letras de risco', e 'carregaçõ es' no comércio colonial da Bahia, 1660-1730, Bahia, Centro de Estudos Bahianos, 1977, p. 78.
21. D. DE LORETO COUTO, «Desagravos do Brasil e glorias de Pernambuco», Anais da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro [ABNR], 24, 1902, p. 171.
22. During the Dutch occupation of Pernambuco, the custom of the blessing of the mill and the workers by a priest at the beginning of the harvest was so entrenched that even Dutch mill owners allowed it to the consternation of the governing board of the Christian Reformed Church which objected to the presence of such «superstition», and to the fact that the safra usually began on a Sunday. See the «Atas da Classe», F.L. SCHALVIWIJK, «A Igreja Reformada no Brasil holandês», RIAHGP, 58, 1993, pp. 145-284, especially, 168, 72 and 78.
23. J.A. GONÇALVES DE MELLO, «¿Um regimento de feitor mor de engenho de 1663?», Boletim do Instituto Joaquim Nahuco, 2, 1953, pp. 80-7.
24. S. MILLER, Fruitless Trees. Portugese Conservation and Brazil's Colonial Timber, Stanford, Stanford Univ. Press, 2000.
25. A.J. ANTONIL, Cultura e opulencia do Brasil por sitas drogas e minas (2 vols.), Paris, Instituto de Hautes Etudes de Ameriques Latines, 1965 (ed. A. Mansura), vol. II, cap. 12.
26. J. PEIXOTO VIEGAS, «Parecer e tratado feito sobre os excessivos impostas que cahirao sobre as lavouras do Brasil», ABNR, 20, 1898, pp. 213-23.
27. D. ALDEN, «Sugar Planters by Necessity, Not Choice: The Role of the Jesuits in the Cane Sugar Industry of Colonial Brazil, 1601-1759», J.A. COLE (ed.), The Church and Society in Latin America, New Orleans, 1984, pp. 139-70, provides a detailed analysis of Jesuit sugar estates. See also S.B. SCHWARTZ [12], pp. 96-7 which differs in some details on productivity.
28. S.B. SCHWARTZ, «The Plantations of St. Benedict: The Benedictine Sugar Mills in Colonial Brazil», The Americas, 39/1, 1982, pp. 1-22.
29. on Pernmabuco, E. CABRAL DE MELLO, A Fronda dos Mazombos. Nobres contra Mascares. Pernambuco 1666-1715, São Paulo, Ed. Topbooks, 1995, pp. 128-30,
30. and for Rio de Janeiro, J. FRAGOSO, «A nobreza da República: notas sobre a formação da primeira elite senhorial do Rio de Janeiro (séculos XVI e XVII)», Topoi. Revista de História, I, 2000, pp. 45-122.
31. See also my earlier article, S.B. SCHWARTZ, «Free Labor in a Slave Economy: The lavradores de Cana of Colonial Bahia», D. ALDEN (ed.), Colonial Roots of Modern Brazil, Berkeley, California Univ. Press, 1973, pp. 147-97.
32. See the text in E. STOLS [2], pp. 407-20.
33. M. BUESCU, História económica do Brasil: pesquisas e análises, Rio de Janeiro, APEC, 1970, pp. 110-2.
34. See also, J. MONTEIRO, Negros da terra, São Paulo, Editora da UNESP, 1994.
35. B. CORDEIRO, «Emformacao dalgumas cousas do Brasil, por Belchior Cordeiro, 1577», Anais da Academia Portuguesa da Historia, 2/15, 1965, p. 77.
36. th Century men. But even the Jesuits themselves sometimes complained that Indians fled their villages to live with the colonists, preferring apparently their physical demands to the cultural and social pressures exerted by the missionaries.
37. An excellent review of the problem of credit is Jacob PRICE, «Credit in the Slave Trade and Plantations Economies», B. SOLOW (ed.), Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991, pp. 293-339.
38. See E.M. KOEN et. al., «Notarial Records in Amsterdam relating to the Portuguese Jews in that Town up to 1639», Stadia Rosenthaliana, serially from 1967-1979.
39. See J. BOYAJIAN, «New Christians and Jews in the in the Sugar Trade, 1550-1750: Two centuries of Development in the Atlantic Economy», and E. PIJNING, «New Cristians as Sugar Cultivators and Traders in the Portuguese Atlantic, 1450-1800», P. BEDRNARDINI and N. FIERING (eds.), The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800, New York, Berghan Books, 2001, pp. 471-84 and 485-500.
40. C. FURTADO, The Economic Growth of Brazil, Berkeley, California Univ. Press, 1965, for example, estimated production at 2,000,000 arrobas for 1600 and believed that returns of eighty percent on invested capital could be obtained in a good year with very low expenditures for salaries and other expenses.