The development of Pan-Latino Philadelphia, 1892-1945

Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography

Volumn 128, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 367-384

  Vázquez, Victor ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 61149719962     PISSN: 00314587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. For a more extensive discussion of the beginning of a Puerto Rican community in Philadelphia, see Víctor Vázquez-Hernández, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia: Origins of a Community, 1910-1945" (PhD diss., Temple University, 2002).
2. Jose Hernandez, telephone interview by author, Dec. 17, 1993;
3. Juan Canales, interview by author, Feb. 20, 1999;
4. Germán Delgado Pasapera, Puerto Rico: Sus luchas emancipadoras, 1850-1898 (Río Piedras, PR, 1984),
5. and César Andreu Iglesias, ed., Memoirs of Bernardo Vega: A Contribution to the History of the Puerto Rican Community in New York (New York, 1984) are two good sources on the collaboration between nineteenth-century Puerto Rican and Cuban revolutionaries, especially in the United States, and particularly in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and New Orleans.
6. Gary R. Mormino and George E. Pozzetta, The Immigrant World of Ybor City. Italians and Their Latin Neighbors in Tampa, 1885-1985 (Urbana, IL, 1987), chap. 6;
7. Dorothee Schneider, Trade Unions and Community. The German Working Class in New York City, 1870-1900 (Urbana, IL, 1994), chap. 3;
8. Gary R. Mormino and George E. Pozzetta, "Spanish Anarchism in Tampa, Florida, 1886-1931," in 'Struggle a Hard Battle': Essays on Working-Class Immigrants, ed. Dirk Hoerder (DeKalb, IL, 1986), 178;
9. Gary R. Mormino and George E. Pozzetta, '"The Reader Lights the Candle': Cuban and Florida Cigar Workers' Oral Tradition," Labor's Heritage 5 (Spring 1993): 10;
10. Susan D. Greenbaum, "Economic Cooperation among Urban Industrial Workers: Rationality and Community in an Afro-Cuban Mutual Aid Society, 1904-1927," Social Science History 17 (Summer 1993): 173;
11. Nancy A. Hewitt, "'The Voice of Virile Labor': Labor Militancy, Community Solidarity, and Gender Identity among Tampa's Latin Workers, 1880-1921," in Work Engendered: Toward a New History of American Labor, ed. Ava Baron (Ithaca, NY, 1991), 162;
12. Durward Long, "'La Resistencia': Tampa's Immigrant Labor Union," Labor History 6 (1965): 206;
13. and Manuel Martínez, Chicago: Historia de nuestra comunidad Puertorriqueña (Chicago, IL, [1989]), 75.
14. Patricia A. Cooper notes that the Dec. 1877 Cigar Makers' Official Journal "reported a union of Spanish and Cuban cigar makers in Philadelphia in 1877," in Once A Cigar Maker: Men, Women and Work Culture in American Cigar Factories, 1900-1919 (Urbana, IL, 1987), 38.
15. Pasapera, Puerto Rico, 105-6.
16. For a description of the role played by Puerto Ricans within the PRC, see Edgardo Melendez, Puerto Rico en "Patria"(Río Piedras, PR, 1995).
17. For fine accounts U.S. intervention in Cuba, especially the role it played in the war between the Cuban insurgents and the Spanish colonial authorities, see the books by Cuban historian Louis A. Pérez Jr.: Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (Athens, GA, 1990),
18. and Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (New York, 1988).
19. Paul S. Taylor, "Mexicans North of the Rio Grande," Survey 66 (1931): 140;
20. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Mexican Labor Colony at Bethlehem, Pa.," Monthly Labor Review 33 (Oct. 1931): 74-77;
21. Saskia Sassen, "U.S. Immigration Policy toward Mexico in a Global Economy," in Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States, ed. David G. Gutiérrez (Wilmington, DE, 1996), 216-17, 225.
22. La Prensa (New York), May 8, 1929, p. 6, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños ; Ms. Cynthia Alvarez, Luis Alvarez's granddaughter, telephone interview by author, Aug. 2000.
23. Rosa Santiago, Carmen Ferrer's daughter, interview by author, Apr. 10, 1994.
24. Vázquez-Hernández, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia," 185, 217.
25. Father Antonio Casulleras, C.M. First Annual Report of the Spanish-American Colony (Philadelphia, 1910), 1-2, pamphlet collection, Archives of the Philadelphia Archdiocese.
26. Boslover Hall was located at Seventh and Pine streets and Garden Hall was located at Seventh and Morris streets. La Prensa, Jan. 8, 1926, p. 7.
27. Vázquez-Hernández, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia," 214-15.
28. Casulleras, First Annual Report of the Spanish-American Colony, 1;
29. William Rickle, "Interethnic Relations in Hispanic Parishes in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia" (PhD diss., Temple University, 1996), 40.
30. Polk's Philadelphia City Directory (Philadelphia,1935), 2004;
31. Jesse Bermudez, interview by author, Feb. 6,1999.
32. Edwin David Aponte et al., The Work of Latino Ministry: Hispanic Protestant Churches in Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1994), 35-38;
33. Joan Dee Koss, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia: Migration and Accommodation" (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1965), 65;
34. Carmen Teresa Whalen, From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia: Puerto Rican Workers and Postwar Economies (Philadelphia, 2001), 209.
35. Raymond A. Mohl, "Cultural Pluralism in Immigrant Education: The International Institutes of Boston, Philadelphia, and San Francisco, 1920-1940," Journal of American Ethnic History 1 (Spring 1982): 37, 41;
36. Eleanor Morton, "How the International Institute Operates to Bring about a Feeling of Friendliness among the City's Many Foreign-born Groups," Philadelphia Inquirer, July 15, 1936, box 26, YWCA Collection, Urban Archives, Temple University, Philadelphia.
37. Mohl, "Cultural Pluralism in Immigrant Education," 37.
38. Morton, "How the International Institute Operates."
39. Aponte et al., Work of Latino Ministry, 38;
40. Koss, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia," 65.
41. Juan Canales interview, Feb. 20, 1999;
42. Jesse Bermudez interview, Feb. 6, 1999.
43. By 1920 the 900 block of Marshall Street had become the major business area serving the greater Northern Liberties community. The area was home to many Russian and Polish Jewish immigrants who replaced the German Jews. Elaine Krasnow Ellison and Elaine Mark Jaffe, Voices from Marshall Street: Jewish Life in a Philadelphia Neighborhood, 1920-1960 (Philadelphia, 1994), 14.
44. La Prensa, June 6, 1941, p. 8;
45. La Prensa, p. 8;
46. Polk's Philadelphia City Directory, 1935, 171, 1954.
47. Q Fereshetian, "Spanish Community, 1951," in box 63, folder 13, Nationalities Services Center Records, 1923-1987, Urban Archives, Temple University, Philadelphia; Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: A History of Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1917-1948 (Westport, CT, 1983), 18-19;
48. Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños, Sources for the Study of Puerto Rican Migration, 1879-1930 (New York, 1982), 4-5.
49. For a detailed examination of the role of the International Institute / Nationalities Services Center among Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia in the post - World War II period, see Carmen Teresa Whalen, "Puerto Rican Migration to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1945-1970: A Historical Perspective on a Migrant Group" (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1994), chap. 6.
50. Whalen, "Puerto Rican Migration to Philadelphia," 400.
51. Clarence O. Senior, Puerto Rican Emigration (Río Piedras, PR, 1947), 7.