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Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 603-628

The many lives and deaths of Sofia Kovalevskaia: Approaches to women's role in scholarship and culture in Germany at the turn of the twentieth century

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EID: 61149692982     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612020100200304     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (3)

References (91)
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    • Boston: Birkhauser
    • There is wide variation in the spelling of Kovalevskaia's name. The spelling used in this article comes from Ann Hibner Koblitz's biography (1993 reprint edition), A Convergence of Lives: Sofia Kovalevskaia - scientist, writer, revolutionary (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; first published 1983, Boston: Birkhauser)
    • (1983) New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press
  • 2
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    • Preußisches Haus der Abgeordneten (30 April)
    • Preußisches Haus der Abgeordneten (30 April 1898) Stenographische Berichte, p. 2277
    • (1898) Stenographische Berichte , pp. 2277
  • 4
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    • (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) and Magaret Alic (1986)
    • See Lynn M. Osen (1974) Women in Mathematics (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) and Magaret Alic (1986) Hypatia's Heritage: a history of women in science from antiquity to the late nineteenth century (London: The Women's Press)
    • (1974) Women in Mathematics
    • Osen, L.M.1
  • 7
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    • Career and Home Life in the 1880s: The choices of mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaia
    • Pnina G. Abir-Am & Dorinda Outram (Eds) (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press)
    • For further studies, see Ann Hibner Koblitz (1987) Career and Home Life in the 1880s: the choices of mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaia, in Pnina G. Abir-Am & Dorinda Outram (Eds) (1987) Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: women in science, 1789-1979, pp. 172-190 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press)
    • (1987) Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: women in science, 1789-1979 , pp. 172-190
    • Koblitz, A.H.1
  • 8
    • 79954984650 scopus 로고
    • 'Ich war Assistent, und blieb es noch lange ...': kritische Überlegungen zum Verhältnis Frau und Mathematik, mit einer Fallstudie über Sofja Kovalevskaja
    • Anne Schlüter (Ed.) (Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus)
    • Anna Maria Stuby (1992) 'Ich war Assistent, und blieb es noch lange ...': kritische Überlegungen zum Verhältnis Frau und Mathematik, mit einer Fallstudie über Sofja Kovalevskaja, in Anne Schlüter (Ed.) Pionierinnen, Feministinnen, Karrierefrauen? Zur Geschichte des Frauenstudiums in Deutschland, pp. 41-61 (Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus)
    • (1992) Pionierinnen, Feministinnen, Karrierefrauen? Zur Geschichte des Frauenstudiums in Deutschland , pp. 41-61
    • Stuby, A.M.1
  • 9
    • 79954962448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zwei erste Promotionen: Die Mathematikerin Sofja Kowalewskaja und die Chemikerin Julia Lermontowa
    • Renate Tobies (Ed.) (Frankfurt a. M.: Campus)
    • and Cordula Tollmien (1997) Zwei erste Promotionen: Die Mathematikerin Sofja Kowalewskaja und die Chemikerin Julia Lermontowa, in Renate Tobies (Ed.) 'Aller Männerkultur zum Trotz': Frauen in Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, pp. 83-129 (Frankfurt a. M.: Campus)
    • (1997) Aller Männerkultur zum Trotz': Frauen in Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften , pp. 83-129
    • Tollmien, C.1
  • 10
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    • Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society
    • For an examination of the impact of Kovalevskaia's work on mathematics, see Linda Keen (Ed.) (1987) The Legacy of Sonya Kovalevskaya (Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society). For autobiographical sketches
    • (1987) The Legacy of Sonya Kovalevskaya
    • Keen, L.1
  • 11
    • 79954962447 scopus 로고
    • see Sonja Kowalewska (1897) Jugenderinnerungen, trans. Louise FlachsFokschaneanu (Berlin: S. Fischer) and Sofia Kowalewsky (1901) Autobiographische Skizze, trans. Sophie von Adelung, Deutsche Rundschau, 108, pp. 118-126
    • (1897) Jugenderinnerungen , vol.108 , pp. 118-126
    • Kowalewska, S.1
  • 12
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    • Family and Role-division: The polarisation of sexual stereotypes in the nineteenth century - An aspect of the dissociation of work and family life
    • Richard J. Evans & W.R. Lee (Eds) (London: Croom Helm)
    • Karin Hausen (1981) Family and Role-division: the polarisation of sexual stereotypes in the nineteenth century - an aspect of the dissociation of work and family life, in Richard J. Evans & W.R. Lee (Eds) The German Family: essays on the social history of the family in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany, pp. 51-83 (London: Croom Helm)
    • (1981) The German Family: essays on the social history of the family in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany , pp. 51-83
    • Hausen, K.1
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    • Sexual Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The male gender crisis, moral purity, and homophobia
    • John C. Fout (1992) Sexual Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: the male gender crisis, moral purity, and homophobia, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 2, p. 391. For the wider European context
    • (1992) Journal of the History of Sexuality , vol.2 , pp. 391
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    • The Unknown Weininger: Science, philosophy and cultural politics in fin-de-siècle Vienna
    • see Chandak Sengoopta (1996) The Unknown Weininger: science, philosophy and cultural politics in fin-de-siècle Vienna, Central European History, 29, pp. 453-493
    • (1996) Central European History , vol.29 , pp. 453-493
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    • Stanford: Stanford University Press
    • See, for instance, Koblitz, A Convergence of Lives, p. 7 and Karen Offen (2000) European Feminisms, 1700-1950: a political history, p. 176 (Stanford: Stanford University Press)
    • (2000) European Feminisms, 1700-1950: a political history , pp. 176
    • Offen, K.1
  • 23
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    • (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press)
    • Ann Taylor Allen (1991) Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press). For the politics of maternalism beyond Germany, see Seth Koven & Sonya Michel (Eds) (1993) Mothers of a New World: maternalist politics and the origins of the welfare state (New York: Routledge)
    • (1991) Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914
    • Allen, A.T.1
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    • Nihilism emerged in the 1860s in Russia. Although vague in its definition, the term was applied by friends and foes alike to young intellectuals who repudiated the social and political structures of tsarist Russia. Nihilists strongly believed in the equality of men and women, and had much faith in the natural sciences and in the power of education to cure social ills. See Richard Stites (1978) The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: feminism, nihilism and bolshevism (Princeton: Princeton University Press). Kovalevskaia remained an adherent of the movement tliroughout her life. This, however, was hardly ever mentioned by any of the German commentators on her life, with a few notable exceptions, such as the biographical sketch by her friend, the Social Democrat Georg Vollmar. See G. Vollmar (1891) Sonja Kowalewski, Die Neue Zeit, 9, pp. 841-845
    • (1891) Sonja Kowalewski, Die Neue Zeit , vol.9 , pp. 841-845
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    • Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • Baden was the first state to open its universities to women in 1900, Bavaria followed in 1903, Württemberg in 1904, Saxony in 1906, Thuringia in 1907, Esse, Alsace Lorraine and Prussia in 1908, and Mecklenburg was last in 1909. For the history of women's higher education, see James C. Albisetti (1988) Schooling German Girls and Women: secondary and higher education in the nineteenth century (Princeton: Princeton University Press); Elke Kleinau & Claudia Opitz (Eds), Geschichte der Mädchen- und Frauenbildung, vol. 2 (Frankfurt a. M.: Campus); Vom Vormärz bis zur Gegenwart,; and Claudia Huerkamp (1996) Bildungsbürgerinnen: Frauen im Stadium und in akademischen Berufen, 1900-1945 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht)
    • (1988) Schooling German Girls and Women: secondary and higher education in the nineteenth century
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    • (Berlin: Vorwärts)
    • Clara Zetkin (1902) Geistiges Proletariat, Frauenfrage und Sozialismus (Berlin: Vorwärts). For a discussion of socialist women's approaches to education, see Marianne Friese (1996) Bildungskonzepte der Arbeiterbewegung, in Kleinau & Opitz Geschichte der Mädchen- und Frauenbildung, vol. 2, Vom Vormärz bis zur Gegenwart, pp. 230-247
    • Geistiges Proletariat, Frauenfrage und Sozialismus , vol.2 , pp. 230-247
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    • H.Z. Mozans (1913)
    • Her brain was only weighed after it had been in alcohol for four years. It was estimated that at the time of her death, although less in absolute terms, in relation to body size her brain weighed more than that of her contemporary, Hermann von Helmholtz. See Gustaf Retzius (1900) Das Gehirn des Mathematikers Sonja Kovalewski in biologischen Untersuchungen (Stockholm), cited in H.Z. Mozans (1913) Woman in Science: with an introductory chapter on woman's long struggle for things of the mind, pp. 124-125 (London and New York: D. Appleton)
    • (1900) Das Gehirn des Mathematikers Sonja Kovalewski in biologischen Untersuchungen (Stockholm) , pp. 124-125
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    • Ueber die mathematischen Weiber
    • P.J. Möbius (1907 reprint edition) Ueber die mathematischen Weiber, in Ueber die Anlage zur Mathematik, p. 93 (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth; first published 1900)
    • (1900) Ueber die Anlage zur Mathematik , pp. 93
    • Möbius, P.J.1
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    • Darwinism, War and History: The debate over the biology of war from 'The Origins of Species'
    • New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Paul Crook (1994) Darwinism, War and History: the debate over the biology of war from 'The Origins of Species' to the First World War, p. 82 (New York: Cambridge University Press). For degeneration theory in Germany, see Paul Weindling (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
    • (1994) First World War , pp. 82
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    • From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality: Medicine and the changing conceptualization of female deviance
    • For the concept of sexual inversion, see, for instance, George Chauncey Jr (1982-83) From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality: medicine and the changing conceptualization of female deviance, Salmagundi, 58, pp. 114-146
    • (1982) Salmagundi , vol.58 , pp. 114-146
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  • 45
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    • A Female Soul in a Male Body': Sexual inversion as gender inversion in nineteenth-century sexology
    • Gilbert Herdt Ed, New York: Zone Books
    • and Gert Hekma (1994) 'A Female Soul in a Male Body': sexual inversion as gender inversion in nineteenth-century sexology, in Gilbert Herdt (Ed.) Third Sex, Third Gender: beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history, pp. 213-239 (New York: Zone Books)
    • (1994) Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history , pp. 213-239
    • Hekma, G.1
  • 47
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    • Science, Sexuality and Gender in the Fin-de-Siècle: Otto Weininger as Baedeker
    • Chandak Sengoopta (1992) Science, Sexuality and Gender in the Fin-de-Siècle: Otto Weininger as Baedeker, History of Science, 30, p. 257
    • (1992) History of Science , vol.30 , pp. 257
    • Sengoopta, C.1
  • 49
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    • Per scientiam ad justitiam: Magnus Hirschfeld and the sexual politics of innate homosexuality
    • Vernon A. Rosario Ed, New York: Routledge
    • On Hirschfeld, see James D. Steakley (1997) Per scientiam ad justitiam: Magnus Hirschfeld and the sexual politics of innate homosexuality, in Vernon A. Rosario (Ed.) Science and Homosexualities, pp. 133-154 (New York: Routledge)
    • (1997) Science and Homosexualities , pp. 133-154
    • Steakley, J.D.1
  • 50
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    • Welches Interesse hat die Frauenbewegung an der Lösung des homosexuellen Problems?
    • See Anna Rüling (1905) Welches Interesse hat die Frauenbewegung an der Lösung des homosexuellen Problems? Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 7, p. 144
    • (1905) Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen , vol.7 , pp. 144
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  • 52
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    • Organisierte Mütterlichkeit: zur Politik der deutschen Frauenbewegung um 1900
    • Karin Hausen (Ed.) (München: C.H. Beck)
    • For the concept of spiritual motherhood, see Irene Stoehr (1983) 'Organisierte Mütterlichkeit': zur Politik der deutschen Frauenbewegung um 1900, in Karin Hausen (Ed.) Frauen suchen ihre Geschichte: historische Studien zum 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, pp. 221-249 (München: C.H. Beck)
    • (1983) Frauen suchen ihre Geschichte: historische Studien zum 19. und 20. Jahrhundert , pp. 221-249
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    • Minden: Wilhelm Köhler
    • See, for instance, A. Bernau (1893) Darf die Frau denken? p. 11 (Minden: Wilhelm Köhler)
    • (1893) Darf die Frau denken , pp. 11
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    • Helene Lange (1896/97) Intellektuelle Grenzlinien zwischen Mann und Frau, Die Frau, 4, p. 327
    • (1896) Die Frau , vol.4 , pp. 327
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    • (Berlin: L. Oehmigke)
    • Helene Lange (1889) Frauenbildung, p. 89 (Berlin: L. Oehmigke)
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    • Female Culture, in Guy Oakes (Ed.)
    • Georg Simmel (1984 reprint edition) Female Culture, in Guy Oakes (Ed.) Georg Simmel: on women, sexuality and love, p. 65 (New Haven: Yale University Press; first published 1911)
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    • Das geistige Leben des Weibes
    • R. Koßmann & Jul Weiß Eds, Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft
    • Lily Braun (1908) Das geistige Leben des Weibes, in R. Koßmann & Jul. Weiß (Eds) Mann und Weib: ihre Beziehungen zueinander und zum Kulturleben der Gegenwart, vol. 1, p. 266 (Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft)
    • (1908) Mann und Weib: Ihre Beziehungen zueinander und zum Kulturleben der Gegenwart , vol.1 , pp. 266
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    • Briefe von Sophie Kowalewska
    • and Maria Mendelson (1897) Briefe von Sophie Kowalewska, Neue Deutsche Rundschau, 8, pp. 589-614
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    • (Basel: Helbing & Lichtenheim)
    • For Cauer's and Lange's reaction to the book, see Susan Brantly (1991) The Life and Writings of Laura Marholm, pp. 107-109 (Basel: Helbing & Lichtenheim). For Hedwig Dohm's reaction, see (1902) Die Antifeministen: Ein Buch der Verteidigung (Berlin: Ferd. Dümmler)
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    • Die Frauenfrage und die Teilung der Arbeit
    • See Harald Höffding (1895/6) Die Frauenfrage und die Teilung der Arbeit, Die Frau, 3, p, 5, and Weyer, in Kirchhoff Die akademische Frau, pp. 252-255
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    • Mutterschaft und geistige Arbeit
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    • (2001) Die Frau , vol.8 , pp. 476
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    • (Berlin: S. Fischer)
    • Ellen Key (1908) Drei Frauenschicksale, pp. 67-69 (Berlin: S. Fischer). Key, who knew Kovalevskaia, had claimed ten years earlier, before she had become involved with the Bund für Mutterschutz, that Kovalevskaia had paid for the 'suffocation of the woman in her' with which she had gained the 'full development of her mathematical genius' with her unhappiness. See Ellen Key (1911 reprint edition) Missbrauchte Frauenkraft: ein Essay, p. 66 (Berlin: S. Fischer; first published 1898)
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    • Unsere Umwertung der Werte
    • (Minden: J.C.C. Brun; first published 1897)
    • Helene Stöcker (1906) Unsere Umwertung der Werte, in Die Liebe und die Frauen, p. 8 (Minden: J.C.C. Brun; first published 1897)
    • (1906) Die Liebe und die Frauen , pp. 8
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    • Erinnerungen an George Eliot
    • trans. Louise Flachs-Fokschaneau
    • Sonja Kowalewska (1896) Erinnerungen an George Eliot, trans. Louise Flachs-Fokschaneau, Das Magazin für Litteratur, 65, pp. 1390-1391
    • (1896) Das Magazin für Litteratur , vol.65 , pp. 1390-1391
    • Kowalewska, S.1
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    • Sophie Kovalevsky: Notice biographique
    • G. Mittag-Leffler (1893) Sophie Kovalevsky: notice biographique, Acta Mathematica, 16 (1893), p. 387. See also Weyer, in Kirchhoff Die akademische Frau, p, 250
    • (1893) Acta Mathematica , vol.16 , pp. 387
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    • (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht)
    • E[lsbeth] von der Decken (1897) Die gebildete Frau und die neue Zeit: Eine Gabe an die deutschen Frauen, p. 46 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht). This claim was reproduced in the second edition of Bettex (1900 reprinted edition) Mann und Weib (Leipzig), cited in Wilm, Mann und Weib, p. 32
    • (1897) Die gebildete Frau und die neue Zeit: Eine Gabe an die deutschen Frauen , pp. 46
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    • Marie von Wilm pointed out that Kovalevskaia had died of pneumonia, not mollification of the brain. See Wilm, Mann und Weib, p. 33
    • Mann und Weib , pp. 33
    • Wilm1


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