Middle-class women and professional identity

Women's History Review

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 165-180

  Cowman, Krista ^a   Jackson, Louise A ^a  

^a LEEDS METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61149678507     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612020500200427     Document Type: Editorial

References (59)

1. Alice Clark (1919) Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century (London: George Routledge)
2. Elizabeth Wilson (1982) Mirror Writing. An Autobiography, p. 67 (Virago: London)
3. Charlottë Bronte (1975) Jane Eyre (Oxford: Oxford University Press; first published 1847)
4. See, for example, Stephanie Spencer (2000) Women's Dilemmas in Postwar Britain: career stories for adolescent girls in the 1950s, History of Education, 29(4), pp. 329-342
5. For an overview of sociological work on the professions and professionalism, see, for example, Keith M. Macdonald (1995) The Sociology of the Professions (London: Sage)
6. The concept of 'the professional project' was developed by M.S. Larson (1977) The Rise of Professionalism: a sociological analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press)
7. For the strategies adopted by nineteenth-century women to gain admittance to the professions, see Anne Witz (1992) Professions and Patriarchy (London: Routiedge)
8. Georges Duby & Michelle Perrot (1992) Writing the History of Women, in Georges Duby & Michelle Perrot (Eds) A History of Women in the West, vol. 1, pp. xiii, xiv (London: Belknap/Harvard University Press)
9. Olwen Hufton, (1995) The Prospect before Her: a history of women in Western Europe, vol. 1, p. 2 (London: Harper Collins)
10. For further discussion of this point, see Krista Cowman & Louise Jackson (2003) Time, in Mary Eagleton (Ed.) A Concise Companion to Feminist Theory, pp. 32-52 (Oxford: Blackwell)
11. Joan Wallach Scott (1988) The Problem of Invisibility, in S.J. Kleinberg (Ed.) Retrieving Women's History, p. 16 (Oxford: Berg)
12. Sarah Boston (1980) Women Workers and the Trade Unions (London: Lawrence & Wishart); Sheila Lewenhak (1977) Women and Trade Unions (London: Ernest Benn)
13. Jill Liddington & Jill Norris (1978) One Hand Tied Behind Us: the rise of the women's suffrage movement (London: Virago)
14. Angela V. John (1986) Unequal Opportunities: women's employment in England 1800-1918 (Oxford: Blackwell). In this collection see particularly Nancy Grey Osterud, 'Gender Divisions and the Organization of Work in the Leicester Hosiery Industry', pp. 45-70 and Felicity Hunt, 'Opportunities Lost and Gained: mechanization and women's work in the London bookbinding and printing trades', pp. 71-94
15. Maxine Berg (1993) What Difference did Women's Work make to the Industrial Revolution? History Workshop Journal, 35, pp. 22-44
16. Pam Sharpe (Ed.) (1998) Women's Work, the English Experience 1750-1914, p. 10 (London: Arnold)
17. See, for example, Ellen Mappen, (1985) Helping Women at Work (London: Hutchinson)
18. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (1975) The Female World of Love and Ritual: relations between women in nineteenth-century America, Signs, 1(1), pp. 1-29
19. Nancy Cott (1977) The Bonds of Womanhood: 'women's sphere' in New England 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press)
20. For discussions of the gendering of space, see, for example, Griselda Pollock (1988) Modernity and the Spaces of Femininity, in her Vision and Difference, pp. 50-90 (London: Routiedge)
21. Leonora Davidoff & Catherine Hall (1987) Family Fortunes (London: Hutchinson)
22. Simon Gunn (2000) The Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class (Manchester: Manchester University Press)
23. Amanda Vickery (1993) Golden Age to Separate Spheres? A Review of the Categories and Chronology of English Women's History, Historical Journal, 36, pp. 383-414
24. John Tosh (1999) A Man's Place: masculinity and the middle-class home in Victorian England (New Haven: Yale University Press)
25. Eleanor Gordon & Gwyneth Nair (2003) Public Lives: women, family and society in Victorian Britain (New Haven: Yale University Press)
26. Frank Prochaska (1980) Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England (Oxford: Clarendon Press)
27. Christine Stansell (1987) City of Women: sex and class in New York 1789-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press)
28. Lori Ginzberg (1990) Women and the Work of Benevolence: morality, politics and class in the nineteenth-century United States (New Haven: Yale University Press)
29. Linda L. Clark (2001) The Rise of Professional Women in France: gender and public administration since 1830 (New York: Cambridge University Press)
30. See also Setli Koven & Sonya Michel (Eds)(1993) Mothers of a New World: maternalist politics and the origins of welfare states (London: Routledge)
31. Denise Riley (1988) 'Am I that Name?' Feminism and the Category of Women' in History (Basingstoke: Macmillan)
32. Deidre McClosky (2001) Paid Work, in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (Ed.) Women in Twentieth-Century Britain, pp. 165-182 (Longman: Harlow)
33. Victoria De Grazia & Ellen Furlough (Eds) (1996) The Sex of Things: gender and consumption in historical perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press)
34. Lori Anne Loeb (1994) Consuming Angels: advertising and Victorian Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
35. Erika Diane Rapppaport (2000) Shopping for Pleasure: women in the making of London's West End (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
36. Judy Giles (2004) The Parlour and the Suburb: domestic identities, class, femininity and modernity (Oxford: Berg)
37. For a recent overview of the debate, see Adrian Bingham (2004) 'An Era of Domesticity?' Histories of Women and Gender in Interwar Britain, Cultural and Social History, 1(2), pp. 25-334
38. Katherine Holden (1996) The Shadow of Marriage: single women in England 1919-39, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Essex
39. E. Moberly Bell (1953) Storming the Citadel: the rise of the woman doctor (London: Constable)
40. Jo Manton (1965) Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (London: Methuen)
41. Lee Holcombe (1973) Victorian Ladies at Work: middle-class working women in England and Wales, 1850-1914 (Newton Abbot: David & Charles)
42. Patricia M. Hummer (1976) The Decade of Elusive Promise: professional women in the United States, 1920-1930 (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press). For a more recent account of the battle for professional recognition
43. see, for example, Catriona Blake (1990) The Charge of the Parasols: women's entry to the medical profession in Britain (London: Women's Press)
44. On public administration see, for example, Meta Zimmeck (1984) Strategies and Strategems for the Employment of Women in the British Civil Service 1919-1939, Historical Journal 27(4), pp. 901-924 and Clark, The Rise of Professional Women in France. On teaching
45. see, for example, Dina Copelman (1996) Women Teachers: gender, class and feminism 1870-1930 (London: Routledge)
46. and Alison Oram (1996) Women Teachers and Feminist Politics 1900-39 (Manchester: Manchester University Press). On social work
47. see, for example, Regina Kunzel (1993) Fallen Women, Problem Girls: unmarried mothers and the professionalisation of social work 1890-1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press)
48. and Daniel Walkowitz (1999) Working with Class: social workers and the politics of middle-class identity (Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press). On medicine and healthcare
49. see, for example, Katrin Schultheiss (2001) Bodies and Souls: politics and the professionalization of nursing in France, 1880-1922 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). For the career choices of middle-class women, see Pat Thane (2004) The Careers of Female Graduates of Cambridge University 1920s-70s, in D. Mitch, J. Brown & M. van Leeuwen (Eds) Origins of the Modern Career, pp. 207-226 (Aldershot: Ashgate)
50. Copelman, Women Teachers
51. Susan Pederson (2004) Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience, p. 38 (New Haven: Yale University Press)
52. Pierre Bourdieu (1979) Distinction: a social critique of the judgment of taste, p. 207 (London: Routledge)
53. See, for example, the themed collection 'Women, Religion and Citizenship' in Australian Feminist Studies, 13(28), October 1998, pp. 189-294
54. Of particular relevance here is Sandra Holton, Feminism, History and Movements of the Soul: Christian Science in the life of Alice Clark (1874-1934), pp. 281-294
55. Catherine Hall (1992) White, Male and Middle Class (Cambridge: Polity Press)
56. Stephanie J. Shaw (1996) What a Woman Ought to Be and Do: black professional women workers during the Jim Crow era (Chicago: University of Chicago Press)
57. Linda Gordon (1989) Heroes of their Own Lives: the politics and history of family violence (London: Virago); Kunzel, Fallen Women, Problem Girls; Pamela Cox (2002) Race, Delinquency and Difference in Twentieth Century Britain, in P. Cox & H. Shore (Eds) Becoming Delinquent: British and European youth 1650-1950, pp. 159-178 (Aldershot: Ashgate)
58. Wilson, Mirror Writing, p. 107
59. See, for example, Carol Gilligan (1988) Mapping the Moral Domain: a contribution of women's thinking to psychological theory and education (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Graduate School of Education)