Aguecheek's beef

Textual Practice

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 327-341

  Appelbaum, Robert ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 61149582817     PISSN: 0950236X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09502360050082640     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Twelfth Night, or, What You Will, Oxford Shakespeare, ed. Roger Warren and Stanley Wells (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 1.3.81-3. All citations from Twelfth Night, noted in the text, will be taken from this edition.
2. Other citations from Shakespeare are taken from the Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works, ed. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986).
3. Twelfth Night, or; What You Will, New Variorum Edition, ed. Horace Howard Furness (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1901), p. 43.
4. Timothy Bright, A Treatise of Melancholie (London, 1586);
5. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, ed. Holbrook Jackson (New York: Vintage, 1977);
6. Juan Huarte, The Examination of Mens Wit, trans. Richard Carew (London, 1594).
7. Twelfth Night, or; What You Will, ed. Sydney Musgrove (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), p. 90.
8. Twelfth Night, or; What You Will, Cambridge New Shakespeare, ed. Arthur Quiller-Couch and John Dover Wilson (1939) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971).
9. The Annotated Shakespeare, ed. A.L. Rowse, 3 vols (New York: Potter, 1978), vol. 1, p. 513.
10. Twelfth Night, or; What You Will, New Cambridge Shakespeare, ed. Elizabeth Story Donno (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985);
11. R.W. Dent, Shakespeare's Proverbial Language (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).
12. As for subsequent editions, it may suffice to note that neither the recent Oxford Edition nor the revised Riverside Shakespeare do much more than reiterate Rowse's position. 'Contemporary medicine,' the Oxford editors write (in a note repeated verbatim in the Norton Shakespeare) 'held that beef dulled the intellect.' The Riverside Edition, more concisely, states that Sir Andrew's remark 'reflects a current belief'. Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans (Boston, MA: Houghton Miffllin, 1997).
13. C.L. Barber, Shakespeare's Festive Comedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959);
14. Michael D. Bristol, Carnival and Theater: Plebian Culture and the Structure of Authority in Renaissance England (New York: Methuen, 1985);
15. Terence Hawkes, 'Comedy, orality, and duplicity in Twelfth Night,' New York Literary Forum 5-6 (1980), pp. 155-63.
16. John Hollander, 'Twelfth Night and the morality of indulgence', Sewanee Review 68 (1959), pp. 220-38;
17. Eliot Krieger, A Marxist Study of Shakespeare's Comedies (London: Macmillan, 1979).
18. Harold J. Cook, The Decline of the Old Medical Regime in Stuart London (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986);
19. David Hoeniger, Medicine and Shakespeare in the English Renaissance (Wilmington: University of Delaware Press, 1992);
20. Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind (New York: Norton, 1997);
21. Nancy G. Siraisi, Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
22. Fernand Braudel, Civilisation and Capitalism, Volume 1: The Structures of Everyday Life, trans. Sian Reynolds (New York: Harper & Row, 1979);
23. Massimo Montanari, The Culture of Food, trans. Carl Ipsen (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994);
24. T. Sarah Peterson, Acquired Taste: The French Origins of Modern Cooking (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994).
25. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, vol. 2, p. 22.
26. Bartolomeo Platina, On Right Pleasure and Good Health: A Critical Edition and Translation of De Honesta Voluptate et Valetudine, trans. and ed. Mary Ella Milham (Tempe, Arizona: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1998), p. 231.
27. Many foods were of course held to cause fevers if consumed by the wrong person at the wrong time, and largely as a result of this principle of 'coldness' triggering an excess of heat. Thus the famous Shakespearean sonnet, 'My love is as a fever still, longing / For that which it is nourished by'. But by a similar logic a food that was too 'hot' and 'dry' could be held to cause the heat of anger (i.e. a condition of high choler). Thus Petruchio could warn off Kate from eating overcooked, choler-engendering meat, claiming that 'better 'twere that both of us did fast, / Since, of ourselves, ourselves are choleric, / Than feed it with such overroasted flesh' (Shrew, 4.1.154-6). It was proverbial too (and this might be the ironic source of Sir Aguecheek's otherwise absurd name) that a person with a threatening heat of anger in his looks (an anger which, of course, Sir Andrew shows himself to be incapable of) was someone who looked 'as big as he had eaten bull beef', an idea related to our current word 'bully', meaning a threatening ruffian. Morris Palmer Tilley, A Dictionary of the Proverbs of England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), B709-719, pp. 70-1.
28. Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979);
29. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994).
30. Alison Sim, Food and Feast in Tudor England (New York: St Martins Press, 1997), p. 79.
31. Thomas Cogan, The Haven of Health (London, 1612), p. 130.
32. For example, see Andrew Boorde, The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. A compendyous Regyment; or A Dyeatary Helth (London: Early English Text Society, 1870), p. 271.
33. Thomas Elyot, The Castel of Helth (London, 1541), p. 17.
34. William Harrison, The Description of England, ed. Georges Edelen (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 123;
35. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, vol. 1, p. 218; Cogan, p. 131.
36. Giacomo Castelvetro, A Brief Account of all the Roots, Greens and Fruits that are Eaten in Italy either Raw or Cooked (London, 1614);
37. quoted in Montanari, Culture of Food, p. 113.
38. Cogan, p. 129.
39. Bright, Treatise of Melancholie, p. 28;
40. William Vaughan, Naturall and Artificial Directions for Health (London, 1600), pp. 33-4.
41. Gugliemo Grataroli, A Direction for the Health of Magistrates and Studentes (London, 1574), sig. H4-Hrv.
42. See John Draper, The Twelfth Night of Shakespeare's Audience (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1950).
43. 'Forasmuch as the natures and complexions of men be divers,' Grataroli writes, as Platina had before him, 'they also require a diverse trade and order in diete and exercise.' Moreover, 'whereas there is both diversitie in bodies and also diverse trades of livinge, it cannot be that any one absolute way should be appointed to serve everie nature in everie facultie generally' (Grataroli, Direction, sig. B4).
44. Susan Mosher Stuard, A State of Deference: Ragusa/Dubrovnik in the Medieval Centuries (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), p. 214.
45. David Richman, Laughter, Pain, and Wonder: Shakespeare's Comedies and the Audience in the Theater (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1990), pp. 21-2.
46. Thomas Nashe, Works, ed. Ronald. B. McKerrow, 5 vols (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958), vol. 1, p. 370.
47. Phillip Stubbes, The Anatomie of Abuses (1583), reprinted edition (New York: Garland, 1973), sig. G3v4.
48. For classic statements of how a symbolics of alimentation might work, see Roland Barthes, 'Toward a psychosociology of contemporary food consumption', in R. Foster and O. Ranum (eds) Food and Drink in History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), pp. 166-73;
49. Claude Levi- Strauss, 'The culinary triangle', Partisan Review 33 (1966), pp. 586-95.
50. A recent revival of classic structuralist analysis in the sociology of food is discussed at length in Roy C. Wood, The Sociology of the Meal (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995).