In Gallipoli's shadow: Pilgrimage, memory, mourning and the great war

Australian Historical Studies

Volumn 33, Issue 119, 2002, Pages 1-21

  Scates, Bruce ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61149575576     PISSN: 1031461X     EISSN: 19405049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10314610208596198     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. see Tony Walter, 'War Grave Pilgrimage', in Pilgrimage in Popular Culture, eds Ian Reader and Tony Walter (London: MacMillan 1993), 63-5;
2. D.W. Lloyd, 'Tourism, Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Great Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939', (PhD thesis. University of Cambridge, 1995)-I thank Jay Winter for drawing this fine study to my attention;
3. John Urry, The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies (London: Sage Books, 1990), 16-17.
4. See, for example, the special issue of Annals of Tourism Research 9, no. 1 (1992), and Michael Pearson, Travellers, Journeys, Tourists: The Meanings of Journeys', Australian Cultural History, no. 10 (1991): 127-9;
5. Paul Fussell, Abroad: British Literary Travelling Between the Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 38. My thanks to Lyn Dore (Tourism Studies, La Trobe University) and Michael Pearson (UNSW) for their generosity and guidance.
6. Questionnaires completed by Ian J. (Armidale, New South Wales), S.M.B. (Gisborne, Victoria). For the description of Gallipoli as 'a sacred place' for Australians see Ian M. Johnstone, 'Gallipoli and Turkey: A Three Week Tour 13 April to 9 May 1996', transcript in possession of the author;
7. also Ken Inglis, 'Return to Gallipoli', 43-4
8. Urry, The Tourist Gaze, 16-17.
9. Ian Reader, 'Introduction', in Reader and Walter, Pilgrimage in Popular Culture, 8, 63;
10. Victor and Edith Turner, Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
11. The most recent Australian examples include Joy Damousi, Labour of Loss: Mourning, Memory and Wartime Bereavement (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
12. Ken Inglis, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape (Melbourne: University of Melbourne Press, 1998);
13. Eric Leed, The Mind of the Traveller (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 293.
14. The most recent (and most useful) review of this literature is to be found in Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, The Oral History Reader (London: Routledge, 1998);
15. James Fentress and Chris Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 41-86;
16. Alice M. Hoffman and Howard S. Hoffman, 'Reliability and Validity in Oral History: The Case For Memory', in Memory and History: Essays on Recalling and Interpreting Experience, eds Jaclyn Jeffrey and Glenace Edwall (Lanham: University Press of America, 1994), 107-35.
17. Paula Hamilton, 'The Knife Edge: Debates about Memory and History', in Memory and History in Twentieth Century Australia, eds Kate Darian-Smith and Paula Hamilton (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994), 15.
18. Graeme Davison, The Use and Abuse of Australian History (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2000), 85;
19. see also Charles Maier, 'A Surfeit of Memory? Reflections on History, Melancholy and Denial', History and Memory, no. 5 (Fall/Winter 1993): 136-52.
20. Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, edited and translated by Lewis A. Coster (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 52-3;
21. see also the exchange prompted by David Glassberg's 'Public History and the Study of Memory', The Public Historian, 19, no. 2 (Spring 1997). I borrow the phrase 'storied' places from the nature
22. Robert Finch, Writing Natural History: Dialogues with Authors (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1989), 44;
23. for meaning invested in artefact see Sue Georgevits, 'Places of the Heart: Personal Narratives of the Past through the Objects People Keep', Oral History Association of Australia Journal, no. 22 (2000): 72-7.
24. Peter Bowers, 'A Dawn to Remember', Australian, 23 January 2000;
25. Donald Horne, The Great Museum: The Representation of History (London: Pluto, 1984), 24.
26. See in particular questionnaire completed by Sherrin T. (Warranwood Vic.) who likened the Dawn Service to a gathering of Anzacs;
27. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, rev. ed. 1991);
28. Glassberg, 'History and Memory', 32-3.
29. For a rewarding inquiry into the tension between nationalism and imperialism see Ken Inglis' classic essay. The Anzac Tradition', Meanjin, no. 100 (March 1965) reproduced in Lack, Anzac Remembered 18-42;
30. David Lowenthal, Possessed by the Past: The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 128, 102;
31. see also the forum entitled 'Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method', American Historical Review 102, no. 5 (December 1997).
32. Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti Structure (London: Penguin, 1969);
33. Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974), 210.
34. Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (NY: Schocken Books, 1976), 41;
35. Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (NY: Knopf, 1995), 11-16;
36. see also Bruce Scates and Raelene Frances, Women and the Great War (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997) chapter 5; questionnaire completed by Margaret C. (Roseville NSW).
37. Peter Read, 'Remembering Dead Places', Public Historian, 18, no. 2 (Spring 1996): 33-4;
38. Peter Read, Returning to Nothing: The Meaning of Lost Places (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 6;
39. Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 45, 120-3;
40. Jacques Le Goff, History and Memory, trans. S. Rendall and E. Claman, (NY: Columbia University Press, 1992), 55-6;
41. Author's notes from visit to Villers-Bretonneux Cemetery, October 2000; survey of 'samples' from visitors' books held at Historial de le Grande Guerre; for other ways in which 'war mythology' (promoting 'a selective national identity') is confused or contested see Alistair Thomson, 'Memory as a Battlefield: Personal and Political Investments in the National Military Past', Oral History Review, 22, no. 2 (Winter 1995): 53-75;
42. Kristin Ann Hass, Carried to the Wall: American Memory and the Vietnam Veterans' Memorial (San Francisco: University of California Press, 1998).
43. Living with the Aftermath: Trauma, Loss and Grief in Post War Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 196.
44. Questionnaire completed by Glenda E. (Bungendore NSW); Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 7; Anderson, Imagined Communities.