Herbert Basedow and the removal of aboriginal children of mixed descent from their families

Australian Historical Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 121, 2003, Pages 122-138

  Zogbaum, Heidi ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61149554007     PISSN: 1031461X     EISSN: 19405049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10314610308596240     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia 1 (Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 1994), 106
2. For a brief discussion of the League see Anna Haebich, Broken Circles: Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800-2000 (Fremantle: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 2000), 324-6
3. Herbert Basedow, The Australian Aboriginal (Adelaide: Preece, 1925), viii
4. See Robert Manne, 'In Denial: The Stolen Generations and the Right', Quarterly Essays 1, no. 1 (April 2001)
5. See Henry Reynolds, An Indelible Stain?: The Question of Genocide in Australia's History (Melbourne: Penguin, 2001)
6. See also Robert Manne, 'Aboriginal Child Removal and the Question of Genocide, 1900-1940, chapter in a forthcoming book edited by Dirk Moses
7. Peter Read, The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales, 1833-1969 (Sydney: Government Printer, 1981)
8. A Rape of the Soul So Profound: The Return of the Stolen Generations (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1999)
9. Two of the most important are Russell McGregor, Imagined Destinies: Aboriginal Australians and the Doomed Race Theory, 1880-1939 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1987)
10. This has now been complemented by Warwick Anderson, The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, Health, and Racial Destiny in Australia (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2002)
11. Tony Austin, 'False Start in Capricornia: Herbert Basedow, Northern Territory Chief Protector of Aborigines', Journal of the South Australian Historical Society 17 (November 1989)
12. A briefer account is in Tony Austin, Never Trust a Government Man: Northern Territory Aboriginal Policy 1911-1939 (Darwin: NTU Press, 1997); 28-31
13. Herbert Basedow, 'Lebenslauf, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Anthropolgie Australiens. Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde in der Medizin, Chirurgie und Geburtshilfe der hohen medizinischen Fakultät der Georg Augusts-Universität zu Göttingen (Berlin: Unger, 1910), appendix
14. See Hermann Klaatsch, 'Bericht über einen ethnologischen Streilfzug nach London', Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Heft 6 (1903)
15. At the time this was a contested theory. See Alan Carroll, Science of Man, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society of Australasia 12 (December 1911): 163
16. In a medical textbook of 1932 used at Melbourne University the social purpose of eugenics was clearly explained: to shut out and eradicate 'those defectives either by more effective segregation or by sterilization'. L.C. Dunn, Heredity and Variation: Continuity and Change in the hiving World (New Vork, London, 1932), 107
17. See Thomas H. Huxley, Man's Place in Nature and other Anthropological Essays (London, Kent, 1895), 23
18. See also Hermann Klaatsch, 'Die Fortschritte der Lehre von der Neanderthalrasse (1903-1908)', Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 17 (1907). Klaatsch had also greatly contributed to the popularisation of Darwinism in Germany
19. See Otto Schoetensack, 'The Importance of Australia for the Evolution of Man from an Inferior Type', Science of Man (22 November 1901): 174
20. Klaatsch, The Evolution and Progress of Mankind (London: Fischer Unwin, 1923), 107 and 256
21. Dr Cecil Evelyn Cook, one of Australia's few experts in tropical diseases at the time, was appointed Chief Protector of the Northern Territory in 1927, and in 1939 forced out of office. He, like Neville, was a great believer in eugenics and the possibility of 'breeding out the colour', an expression which he coined in his critique of the Bleakley Report of 1929. For a summary of his work see Austin, Never Trust a Government Matt, chapter 6
22. For details of the inaction of the South Australian Government see Tony Austin, Simply the Survival of the Fittest: Aboriginal Administration of South Australia's Northern Territory, 1863-1910 (Darwin: History Society of the Northern Territory, 1992)
23. See also Alan Powell, Far Country: A Short History of the Northern Territory (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1982)
24. See Austin, Never Trust a Government Man, 31, 34
25. Mary Bennett, The Australian Aboriginal (London: Alston Rivers, 1930), 13
26. For details see McGregor, Imagined Destinies, 156-61
27. Basedow, The Australian Aboriginal, 58
28. Haebich, Broken Circles. 224
29. See for instance My Dear Spencer: The Letters of F.J. Gillen to Baldwin Spencer, eds John Mulvaney, Howard Morphy and Alison Petch (Melbourne: Hyland House, 2001), 160
30. See also John Mathew, Eaglehawk and Crow: A Study of Australian Aborigines (London: Nutt, 1899), 75
31. Herbert Basedow, 'Anthropological Notes made on the South Australian Government North West Prospecting Expedition, 1903', Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 28 (1904/5), 20
32. Basedow, 'Anthropological Notes', 20
33. See www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au
34. See also Clayton Lane, Hookworm Infection (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1932), 161
35. The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease: Hookworm Infections in Foreign Countries (Washington, 1911), 77
36. For details on the campaign see John Ettling, The Germ of Laziness: Rockefeller Philanthropy and Public Health in the New South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981)
37. See Charles Barrett, Piccanninies (Melbourne: Herald and Weekly Times, 1941[?J), 4
38. See also R.M. and C.H. Berndt, The World of the First Australians (Sydney: Ure Smith, 1964), photograph facing page 48 which shows two women with blond-streaked hair and three toddlers with almost straw-blond hair. In the opinion of the anthropologists, women were very proud of their unusual hair
39. Sherry Saggers and Dennis Gray, Aboriginal Health and Society: The Traditional and Contemporary Aboriginal Struggle for Better Health (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991), 38
40. Philipp Manson-Bahr, Hanson's Tropical Disease (London: Cassell, 1898). Manson included a photograph of an Indian boy with hookworm which showed the streaky blond hair but no further comment
41. See Aboriginal Welfare: Initial Conference on Commonwealth and State Aboriginal Authorities held at Canberra 21st to 23rd April 1937 (Canberra: Government Printer, 1939)