The newspaper, public opinion, and the public sphere in the seventeenth century

Prose Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 109-136

  Raymond, Joad ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61149512674     PISSN: 17439426     EISSN: 01440357     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01440359808586641     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Though there were sporadic attempts to place a halter on debate; James Sutherland, The Restoration Newspaper and its Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 52
2. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series [hereafter CSPD] 1667 (London: Longman, 1866), 243
3. Richard Cust, "News and Politics in Early Seventeenth-Century England," Past and Present 112 (1986): 60-90
4. Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1992), ch. 11
5. Steve Pincus, "'Coffee Politicians Does Create': Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture," Journal of Modern History 67 (1995): 807-34
6. Andrew Mousley, "Self, State, and Seventeenth Century News," The Seventeenth Century 6 (1991): 149-68
7. Observator 1, 13 April 1681
8. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 58
9. Sharon Achinstein, "The Politics of Babel in the English Revolution," in James Holstun (ed.), Pamphlet Wars: Prose in the English Revolution (London: Frank Cass, 1992), 14-44
10. and Milton and the Revolutionary Reader (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 3-26
11. Kevin Dunn, Pretexts of Authority: The Rhetoric of Authorship in the Renaissance Preface (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), 7-9
12. Joseph F. Loewenstein, "Legal Proofs and Corrected Readings: Press-Agency and the New Bibliography," in David Lee Miller, Sharon O'Dair and Harold Weber (eds.), The Production of English Renaissance Culture (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), 93-122
13. David Norbrook, "Areopagitica, Censorship, and the Early Modern Public Sphere," in Richard Burt (ed.), The Administration of Aesthetics: Censorship, Political Criticism, and the Public Sphere, Cultural Politics, vol. 7 (Minneapolis, MN, and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), 3-33
14. Pincus, "Restoration Political Culture"; Alexandra Halasz, The Marketplace of Print: Pamphlets and the Public Sphere in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
15. Sue Wiseman, "'Adam, the Father of all Flesh,' Porno-Political Rhetoric and Political Theory in and After the English Civil War," in Holstun (ed.), Pamphlet Wars, 134-57
16. and Drama and Politics in the English Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 35-8
17. David Zaret, "Religion, Science, and Printing in the Public Spheres of Seventeenth-Century England," in Craig Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992), 212-35
18. For a case made for France, see Jeffrey K. Sawyer, Printed Poison: Pamphlet Propaganda, Faction Politics, and the Public Sphere in Early Seventeenth-Century France (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990)
19. Habermas, Structural Transformation, xvii
20. Lloyd Kramer, "Habermas, History, and Critical Theory," in Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere, 236-58, argues that an historian using Habermas' model necessarily adopts his methodology and is therefore required to adopt a critical perspective on the present, transformed public sphere; for him historical falsification seems petty
21. Habermas, "Concluding Remarks," in Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere, 465
22. Through much of Structural Transformation Habermas does indeed treat the public sphere as an ideal type, notwithstanding this caveat. Zaret, "Religion, Science, and Printing," 212-13, explicitly adopts an ideal-type approach while persuasively challenging Habermas' neglect of earlier public spheres
23. For feminist criticisms of this approach, see Joan B. Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988), 3-7, 39-45
24. Nancy Fraser, "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy," in Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere, 109-42, esp. 118-28
25. Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Cambridge: Polity, 1989)
26. See also Habermas' comments in "Further Reflections on the Public Sphere," trans. Thomas Burger, in Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere, 427-9
27. "Concluding Remarks," 465
28. see also Paul Trolander and Zeynep Tenger, "Criticism against Itself: Subverting Critical Authority in Late-Seventeenth-Century England," Philological Quarterly 75 (1996): 311-38
29. For science, see Stephen Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985)
30. Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book: Knowledge and Print in Early Modem England (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1998)
31. For a contemporary association between moderate freedom of the press and parliamentary government, see John Toland's "Proposal for better regulating of Newspapers," BL: MS Add 4295, ff. 49-50
32. De Krey, A Fractured Society, 213-22, quotes 213, 221, 219, 214
33. Mark Goldie, "The Revolution of 1689 and the Structure of Political Argument: An Essay and an Annotated Bibliography of Pamphlets on the Allegiance Controversy," Bulletin of Research in the Humanities 83 (1980): 473-564, quotes 518, 520
34. Harris, Politics Under the Later Stuarts, also London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration to the Exclusion Crisis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), passim
35. and "The Parties and the People: The Press, the Crowd and Politics 'Out-of-doors' in Restoration England," in Lionel K.J. Glassey (ed.), The Reigns of Charles II and James VII & II (London: Macmillan, 1997), 125-51
36. Mark Knights, Politics and Opinion in Crisis, 1678-81 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)
37. Treadwell, "London Trade Publishers," 128, 131-2
38. Alastair Bellany, "'Rayling Rymes and Vaunting Verse': Libellous Politics in Early Stuart England, 1603-1628," in Kevin Sharpe and Peter Lake (eds.), Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England (London: Macmillan, 1994), 285-310
39. and "Mistress Turner's Deadly Sins: Sartorial Transgression, Court Scandal, and Politics in Early Stuart England," Huntington Library Quarterly 58 (1996): 179-210
40. Thomas Cogswell, "The Politics of Propaganda: Charles I and the People in the 1620s," Journal of British Studies 29 (1990): 187-215
41. and "Underground Verse and the Transformation of Early Stuart Political Culture," in Susan Amussen and Mark Kishlansky (eds.), Political Culture and Cultural Politics in Early Modern Europe (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 277-300
42. Pauline Croft, "The Reputation of Robert Cecil: Libels, Political Opinion and Popular Awareness in the Early Seventeenth Century," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 1 (1991): 43-69
43. Cust, "News and Politics"; James Holstun, "'God Bless thee, Little David!': John Felton and His Allies," ELR 59 (1992): 513-52; also n.7, above
44. Nigel Smith, Literature and Revolution in England, 1640-1660 (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1994)
45. Joad Raymond, The Invention of the Newspaper: English Newsbooks, 1641-1649 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996)
46. Achinstein, Milton and the Revolutionary Reader
47. Quoted in Cust, "News and Politics," 70
48. John Earle, Micro-Cosmographie. Or, A Peece of the World Discovered; In Essayes and Characters (London, 1628), sigs. I11-K
49. [Edward Ward], St Paul's Church; Or, The Protestant Ambulators (London, 1716), 23-4
50. Quoted in Bryant Lillywhite, London Coffee Houses: A Reference Book of Coffee Houses of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1963), 366
51. W.D. Christie (ed.), Letters Addressed from London to Sir Joseph Williamson while Plenipotentiary at the Congress of Cologne in the Years 1673 and 1674, 2 vols., Camden Society, n.s. 8-9 (1874), II: 67-8
52. The Remains of Mr. Thomas Brown (London, 1720), 11-13
53. Rebellions Antidote: Or a Dialogue Between Coffee and Tea (London, 1685)
54. The Character of a Coffee-House (London, 1665), 2, 4, 6
55. for more on coffee-houses, including their non-observance of social hierarchies, see Pincus, "Restoration Political Culture."
56. For pre-newsbook attacks on printed news, see The Staple of Newes, and Newes From the New World Discover'd in the Moone, in Ben Jonson, ed. C.H. Herford and Percy and Evelyn Simpson, 10 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925-50), vols. 6 and 7
57. Richard Brathwait, Whimzies: Or, A New Cast of Characters (London, 1631), 22
58. Donald Lupton, London and the Covntrey Carbonadoed (London, 1632), 142
59. Joad Raymond (ed.), Making the News: An Anthology of the Newsbooks of Revolutionary England (Moreton-in-Marsh: Windrush Press, 1993), 11-15
60. Thomas St. Serfe [or Sydserf], Tarugo's Wiles: Or, The Coffee-House. A Comedy (1668), 26
61. Quoted by Lois G. Schwoerer, "Liberty of the Press and Public Opinion: 1660-1695," in J.R. Jones (ed.), Liberty Secured? Britain Before and After 1688 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 211
62. Nicholas Rowe, The Fair Penitent. A Tragedy (1703), prologue
63. John Gay, "Fable XIII," 1. 23, in Poetical Works (London: Oxford University Press, 1926), 300
64. William Oldisworth, State Tracts (1715), 1: 184
65. Edward Ward, The Character of a Covetous Citizen (1702), 5 and passim
66. A Dialogue Between Tom and Dick (1680), 4
67. The City Mercury: from the Office at the Royal Exchange 274, 14 April 1681, recto
68. "Content. A Poem," II. 100-102, in The Works of Allan Ramsay, ed. Burns Martin et al. (London: Scottish Text Society, 1944), 1: 93
69. G[eorge]. M[eriton]., The Praise of York-shire Ale (1685)
70. The authorship is doubtful: a note by Francis Douce in the Bodleian copy (Douce M559) attributes it to Giles Marrington of North Allerton. Alan Marshall, Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II, 1660-1685 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 105 and passim
71. CSPD 1666-67 (London: Longman, 1864), 511
72. The life of the Honourable Sir Dudley North (London, 1744)
73. quoted by Peter Fraser, The Intelligence of Secretaries of State and their Monopoly of Licensed News, 1600-1688 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), 117-18
74. As argued by Jonathan Scott, Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, 1677-1683 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 6
75. and contradicted by Pincus, "Restoration Political Culture," 833
76. For press control in the period, see Cyprian Blagden, The Stationers' Company: A History 1403-1959 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1960)
77. Cyndia Susan Clegg, Press Censorship in Elizabethan England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
78. Hanson, Government and the Press
79. J.A. Downie, Robert Harley and the Press: Propaganda and Public Opinion in the Age of Swift and Defoe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 1-15
80. Sheila Lambert, "State Control of the Press in Theory and Practice: The Role of the Stationers' Company Before 1640," in Robin Myers and Michael Harris (eds.), Censorship and the Control of Print: in England and France, 1600-1910 (Winchester: St. Paul's Bibliographies, 1992), 1-32
81. Schwoerer, "Liberty of the Press"; F.S. Siebert, Freedom of the Press in England 1476-1776: The Rise and Decline of Government Controls (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1952)
82. William Speck, "Politics and the Press," in Michael Harris and Alan Lee (eds.), The Press in English Society from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1986), 47-63
83. For accounts of the effect of licensing on literary discourse, see Lucasta Miller, "The Shattered Violl: Print and Textuality in the 1640s," in Essays and Studies, 2nd ser., 46, Literature and Censorship, ed. Nigel Smith (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1993), 25-38
84. Annabel Patterson, Reading Between the Lines (London: Routledge, 1993)
85. and Censorship and Interpretation (Madison, WI: Wisconsin University Press, 1984)
86. A.B. Worden, "Literature and Political Censorship in Early Modern England," in A.C. Duke and C.A. Tamse (eds.), Too Mighty to be Free: Censorship and the Press in Britain and the Netherlands (Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1987), 45-62
87. C.G. Gibbs, "Press and Public Opinion: Prospective," in Jones (ed.), Liberty Secured?, 231-64
88. J.C.D. Clark, Samuel Johnson: Literature, Religion and English Cultural Politics from the Restoration to Romanticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 149
89. For 1614, see my forthcoming article, "'The Language of the Public': Print, Politics, and the Book Trade in 1614"
90. for 1644 and 1688, see D.F. McKenzie, "The London Book Trade in 1644," in John Horden (ed.), Bibliographia: Lectures 1975-1988 by recipients of The Marc Fitch Prize for Bibliography (Oxford: Leopard's Head Press, 1992), 131-52, at 136
91. Knights, Politics and Opinion, 157-9
92. Donald F. McKenzie, "The London Book Trade in 1668," Words, 4 (1974): 81 and passim
93. Schwoerer, "Liberty of the Press," 207-8
94. J.G. Muddiman, The King's Journalist, 1659-1689: Studies in the Reign of Charles II (London: John Lane and the Bodley Head, 1923), 161-7
95. J.B. Williams, A History of English Journalism to the Foundation of the Gazette (London: Longman, 1908), 177-98
96. P.M. Handover, A History of the London Gazette, 1665-1965 (London: HMSO, 1965), 5-17
97. Marshall, Intelligence and Espionage
98. Fraser, The Intelligence of Secretaries of State
99. Gordon Campbell, Thomas N. Corns, John K. Hale, David Holmes, Fiona Tweedie, "Milton and De Doctrina Christiana," available at 〈http://voyager.cns.ohiou.edu/somalley/ddc.html〉
100. Mark Goldie, "The Hilton Gang and the Purge of London in the 1680s," in Howard Nenner (ed.), Politics and the Political Imagination in Later Stuart Britain: Essays Presented to Lois Green Schwoerer (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997), 43-73
101. Fraser, "Rethinking the Public Sphere," 118-21
102. Robert B. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650-1800: The Emergence of Separate Spheres? (London and New York: Longman, 1998)
103. Helen Berry, "'Nice and Curious