The Hound of the Baskervilles, the man on the Tor, and a metaphor for the mind

Nineteenth-Century Literature

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 336-372

  Frank, Lawrence ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ARTICLE; BIOLOGY; CONSCIOUSNESS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; GENETIC SELECTION; HISTORY; LITERATURE; PHILOSOPHY; UNITED KINGDOM;

BIOLOGY; CONSCIOUSNESS; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; LITERATURE; METAPHOR; MIND-BODY RELATIONS, METAPHYSICAL; NATURAL HISTORY; PHILOSOPHY; SELECTION, GENETIC;

EID: 61149475269     PISSN: 08919356     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2903144     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, "The Final Problem," in The Complete Sherlock Holmes, 2 vols. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1930), I, 480
2. See Richard Lancelyn Green and John Michael Gibson, Bibliography of A. Conan Doyle (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), pp. 76-77
3. See also John Dickson Carr, The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949)
4. See W. W. Robson, introduction to Arthur Conan Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles: Another Adventure of Sherlock Holmes, ed. Robson (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993), pp.xi-xxix
5. SirArthurConan Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles, in The Complete Sherlock Holmes, II, 669. All further references are to this edition and appear in the text
6. For discussions of Doyle's place in latè-nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century Britain, see Christopher Clausen, "Sherlock Holmes, Order, and the Late-Victorian Mind," in his The Moral Imagination: Essays on Literature and Ethics (Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press, 1986), pp. 51-85
7. Rosemary Jann, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Detecting Social Order (New York: Twayne, 1995)
8. and Ian Ousby, Bloodhounds of Heaven: The Detective in English Fiction from Godwin to Doyle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1976)
9. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Memories and Adventures (Boston: Little, Broown, 1924), p. 26
10. For discussions of the various issues raised by those promoting biological determinism, see Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996)
11. and for an authoritative survey of nineteenth-century anthropology, see George W. Stocking, Jr., Victorian Anthropology (New York: Free Press, 1987)
12. In this essay I shall refer to Tyndall as a Romantic materialist. In his recent biography of Thomas Henry Huxley, Adrian Desmond refers to Tyndall's "poetic materialism" (see Huxley: From Devil's Disciple to Evolutions High Priest [Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997], p. 366: his "poetic materialism was enough to drive . . . [St. George] Mivart to damn Tyndall's 'creed.' . . . But there was a magnificent determinism to it")
13. M. M. Bakhtin, "The Problem of the Text in Linguistics, Philology, and the Human Sciences: An Experiment in Philosophical Analysis," in his Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, ed. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist, trans. Vern W. McGee (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1986), p. 124
14. For relevant discussions of detective fiction and other genres, see Tzvetan Todorov, "The Typology of Detective Fiction," in his The Poetics of Prose, trans. Richard Howard (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1977), pp. 42-52
15. and Todorov, The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre, trans. Richard Howard (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1975)
16. For discussions of Havelock Ellis's life and career and of his importance as a popularizer of nineteenth-century science, including discussions of the criminal and sexuality, see Phyllis Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980)
17. and Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1989)
18. Havelock Ellis, The Criminal (New York: Scribner and Welford, 1890), pp. 102, 106
19. For an account of nineteenth-century British classical evolutionism and anthropology, see Stocking, Victorian Anthropology
20. and Stocking, After Tylor: British Social Anthropology, 1888-1951 (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1995)
21. Cesare Lombroso, Crime: Its Causes and Remedies, trans. Henry P. Horton (London: William Heinemann, 1911), p. 368
22. For discussions of the appearance of prehistoric archaeology in the 1860s, the coining of the term neolithic by John Lubbock, and other relevant facts, see Glyn Daniel and Colin Renfrew, The Idea of Prehistory, 2d ed. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1988)
23. Donald K. Grayson, The Establishment of Human Antiquity (New York: Academic Press, 1983)
24. and A. Bowdoin Van Riper, Men among the Mammoths: Victorian Science and the Discovery of Human Prehistory (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1993)
25. For a discussion of these issues, see Lawrence Frank, "Reading the Gravel Page: Lyell, Darwin, and Conan Doyle," Nineteenth-Century Literature, 44 (1989), 364-87
26. See Robert M. Young, Darwin's Metaphor: Natures Place in Victorian Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985), for a discussion of how the publication of Origin of Species in 1859 marked the culminating moment in the triumph of Uniformitarianism in nineteenth-century science
27. For discussions of Darwin and nineteenth-century British literature, see Gillian Beer, Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983)
28. and George Levine, Darwin and the Novelists: Patterns of Science in Victorian Fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1988)
29. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2 vols, in 1 (1871; rpt. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 19,81), II, 405
30. Thomas Henry Huxley, Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature (London: Williams and Norgate, 1863), p. 112
31. For a discussion of Huxley, see James G. Paradis, T. H. Huxley: Man's Place in Nature (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1978)
32. For a recent life of Huxley, see Desmond, Huxley
33. See John Tyndall, "Scientific Use of the Imagination," in his Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Addresses and Reviews, 5th ed. (London: Longmans, Green, 1876), pp. 423-58. Further references to Tyndall's essays arc to this edition and appear in the text
34. For a biography of Tyndall, see A. S. Eve and C. H. Creasey, Life and Work of John Tyndall (London: Macmillan, 1945)
35. For a discussion of the X Club, see Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin (London: Michael Joseph, 1991), pp. 525-28
36. For a discussion of the nebular h)pothesis, see Simon Schaffer, "The Nebular Hypothesis and the Science of Progress," in History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene, ed. James R. Moore (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989), pp. 131-64
37. Robert Chambers, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation and Other Evolutionary Writings, ed. James A. Sccord (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 30
38. See Schaffer, "Nebular Hypothesis," pp. 154-55
39. For an earlier discussion of Vestiges, see Milton Millhauser, Just Before Darwin: Robert Chambers and "Vestiges" (Middle-town, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1959)
40. J[ohn] P[ringle] Nichol, Views of the Architecture of the Heavens in a Series of Letters to a Lady, 3d ed. (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1839), p. 187
41. For a recent discussion of Milton and materialism, see John Rogers, The Matter of Revolution: Science, Poetry, and Politics in the Age of Milton (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1996)
42. For earlier discussions, see Walter Clyde Curry, Milton's Ontology, Cosmogony, and Physics (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1957)
43. and Denis Saurat, Milton: Man and Thinker (New York: Dial Press, 1925)
44. John Milton, Paradise Lost, in Complete Poems and Major Prose, ed. Merritt Y. Hughes (Indianapolis: Odyssey Press, 1957), pp. 351-52; Book VII, II. 220; 225-27; 232-37
45. Percy Bysshe Shelley, "Mont Blanc," in The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1929), p. 528; II. 1-6
46. William Wordsworth, The Prelude, or Growth of a Poet's Mind, ed. Ernest de Selin-court, rev. Helen Darbishire, 2d ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959), p. 481; Book 14, II. 40-42
47. Thomas Carlyle, "Characteristics" (rev. of An Essay on the Origin and Prospects of Man, by Thomas Hope, and Philosophische Vorlesungen, by Friedrich von Schlegel), Edinburgh Review, 54 (1831), 358, 353
48. see Van Riper, Men among the Mammoths, for a recent survey of the rise of prehistoric archaeology and its implications
49. Quoted in Glyn Daniel, A Hundred and Fifty Years of Archaeology, 2d ed. (London: Duckworth, 1975), p. 63
50. Thomas De Quincey, Suspiria de Profundis: Being a Sequel to the Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, in The Collected Writings of Thomas De Quincey: New and Enlarged Edition, ed. David Masson, 14 vols. (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1889-90), XIII, 346
51. Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth (Edinburgh: William Creech, 1802), p. 8
52. For a discussion of detective fiction and Victorian preoccupations with memory and mind,see Gillian Beer, "Origins and Oblivion in Victorian Narrative," in Sex, Politics, and Science in the Nineteenth-Century Novel, ed. Ruth Bernard Yeazell (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1986), pp. 63-87
53. For scientific investigations into the nature of mind in the nineteenth century, see Edwin Clarke and L. S.Jacyna, Nineteenth- Century Origins of Neuroscientific Concepts (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1987)
54. Anne Harrington, Medicine, Mind, and the Double Brain: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Thought (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1987)
55. and Robert M. Young, Mind, Drain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century: Cerebral Localization and Its Biological Context from Gall to Ferrier (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970)
56. For discussions of opium, Romanticism, and internal quests, see Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981)
57. Alethea Hayter, Opium and the Romantic Imagination (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1968)
58. and Harold Bloom, "The Internalization of Quest-Romance," in Romanticism and Consciousness: Essays in Criticism, ed. Bloom (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), pp. 3-24
59. For the classic discussion of the study of language in Britain in the nineteenth century, see Hans Aarsleff, The Study of Language in England, 1780-1860 (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1967)
60. The issue of ethnocentrism, racism, and nineteenth-century science, especially evolutionary anthropology, is discussed in various places; see Russett, Sexual Science; Stocking, Victorian Anthropology
61. and Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1992)
62. Edward B. Tylor, Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom, 7th ed., 2 vols, in 1 (New York: Brentano's, 1924), I, 18
63. For recent critiques of the concept of culture that Tylor promoted,see Christopher Herbert, Culture and Anomie: Ethnographic Imagination in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1991)
64. and Alan Liu, "Local Transcendence: Cultural Criticism, Postmodernism, and the Romanticism of Detail," Representations, no. 32 (1990).75-113
65. Edward B. Tylor, "On a Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions; Applied to Laws of Marriage and Descent," Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 18 (1888), 269
66. For discussions of the intellectual traditions informing The Golden Bough, see Robert Ackerman, J. G. Frazer: His Life and Work (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987)
67. and Ackcrman, The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists (New York: Garland, 1991)
68. Marc Manganaro, Myth, Rhetoric, and the Voice of Authority: A Critique of Frazer, Eliot, Frye, and Campbell (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1992)
69. and Stocking, After Tylor
70. For a summary and a critique of the Enlightenment synthesis, see Stephen Toulmin, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (New York: Free Press, 1990)
71. James G. Frazer, The Golden Bough: The Roots of Religion and Folklore, 2 vols, in 1 (1890; rpt. New York: Avenel Books, 1981), I, 3
72. J[ames] G. Frazer, "The Scope of Social Anthropology," in his Psyche's Task: A Discourse Concerning the Influence of Superstition on the Growth of Institutions, 2d ed. (1913; rpt. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1968), p. 170
73. Charles Darwin, Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Vari-ous Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle, Under the Command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N.from 1832 to 1836 (London: Henry Colburn, 1839), p. 369
74. For the larger significance of metaphor for our understanding of ourselves and our universe, see George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1980)
75. and George Lakoff and Mark Turner, More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989)