From death to resurrection: The metamorphosis of power in Eastern Europe

Critique

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 47-84

  Lomax, Bill ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 61149179835     PISSN: 00111600     EISSN: 03017605     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03017609708413410     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. The title of this article is borrowed from an article by Erzsébet Szalai entitled 'The Metamorphosis of Power?' first published in Hungarian as 'A hatalom metamorphózisa?', in Valóság, Budapest, Vol 34 No 6, June 1991.
2. J.F.Brown, Surge to Freedom: The End of Communist Rule in Eastern Europe, USA, Duke University Press, 1991;
3. Timothy Garton Ash, We the People, Cambridge, Granta/Penguin, 1990.
4. Francis Fukuyama, 'The End of History?', in The National Interest, No 16, Summer 1989;
5. reprinted in Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1992.
6. Attila Ágh, 'The "Comparative Revolution" and the Transition in Central and Southern Europe', Budapest Papers on Democratic Transition, No 7, Budapest, Hungarian Center for Democracy Studies Foundation, 1991, p 2.
7. For one of the best comparisons of the Spanish and Hungarian transitions, see András Bozóki, 'The Hungarian transition in a comparative perspective', in András Bozóki, András Körö sényi and George Schöpflin (ed), Post-Communist Transition: Emerging Pluralism in Hungary, London, Pinter, 1992, pp 163-191.
8. Bob Dent, 'Rendszerváltás is only a word', in New Statesman and Society, April 1992, pp 30-31.
9. Tamás Krausz, 'Kik azok a populisták?' (Who are these populists?), in Népszabadság, Budapest, 10 April 1991;
10. 'Konzervativ forradalom vagy demokratikus fordulat?' (Conservative revolution or democratic change?), speech to International Conference on 'Social Democracy and the Process of Transition in the Eastern-Central European Countries' convened by Hungarian Socialist Party in Budapest, September 1991.
11. Robert C. Tucker, 'What time is it in Russia's history?', in Catherine Merridale and Chris Ward (ed.), Perestroika: the Historical Perspective, London, Edward Arnold, 1991, p 44.
12. Mark Almond, Daily Telegraph, 27 December 1991;
13. Jonathan Steele, Guardian, 30 January 1992,
14. Tibor Hajdu, 'A drapéria változott, az á llamkapitalizmus marad' (The robes have been changed, but state capitalism remains), in Csakazértis, Vol 2 No 1, January 1992, p 15.
15. Jadwiga Staniszkis, The Dynamics of the Breakthrough in Eastern Europe, London, Cambridge University Press, 1992, p 176.
16. Ken Jowitt, 'The Leninist Legacy", in Ivo Banac (ed), Eastern Europe in Revolution, New York, Cornell University Press, 1992, p 220.
17. Nicos Poulantzas, Tlte Crisis of the Dictatorships, London, New Left Books, 1976, pp 136 and 144.
18. The analysis of the Portuguese revolution presented here is developed in more detail in Bill Lomax, 'Ideology and Illusion in the Portuguese Revolution', in Lawrence S. Graham and Douglas L. Wheeler (ed.), In Search of Modern Portugal: the Revolution and its Consequences, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1982.
19. For accounts of the popular movement, see Nancy Gina Bermeo, The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1986,
20. John L. Hammond, Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighbourhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1988.
21. András Hegedüs, 'Democracy and socialism - East and West', in Ken Coates and Fred Singleton (ed.), The Just Society, Nottingham, Spokesman, 1977, p 165.
22. Marc Rakovski (ps. György Bence and János Kis), Towards an East European Marxism, London, Allison and Busby, 1978.
23. Bruno Rizzi, The Bureaucratization of the World, London, Tavistock, 1985.
24. Umberto Medotti, Marx and the Third World, London, Macmillan, 1977 148.
25. See Hillel Ticktin, 'Mikhail Gorbachev and Mrs Thatcher: Allies in Crisis', in Critique, No 22, 1990,
26. Frank Füredi, The Soviet Union Demystified, London, Junius, 1986.
27. See: Victor Nee and David Stark, 'Toward an Institutional Analysis of State Socialism', in Victor Nee and David Stark (ed.), Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe, Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1989, p 30.
28. László Kéri, Összeomlás után (After the collapse), Budapest, Kossuth, 1991, pp 126 and 148.
29. András Bozóki, 'Ut a rendszerváltáshoz: az Ellenzéki Kerekasztal' (The road to the change of regime: the Opposition Round Table), Budapest, Mozgó Világ, Vol 16 No 8, August 1990 31.
30. Judith Ingram, 'The Political Struggle and the Press', in Uncaptive Minds, Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe, New York, Vol 5 No 1 (19), Spring 1992;
31. András Bozóki, 'Democrats against Democracy? Civil Protest in Hungary since 1990', Budapest, manuscript, 1992.
32. Mihály Bihari, 'Rendszerváltás és hatalomváltás Magyarországon: 1989-1990' (Change of Regime and Power in Hungary: 1989-1990), in Sándor Kurtán, Sándor Péter and Laszlo Vass (ed.), Magyarország Politikai Évkönyve 1991 (Hungarian Political Yearbook for 1991), Budapest, Economix, 1991, pp 40 and 44.
33. Károly Okolicsányi, 'Privatization Drive Slackens', in Report on Eastern Europe, Vol 2 No 43,25 October 1991, p 14.
34. See: Móra Mária, 'Az állami vállalatok (ál)privatizáció' (The "False" Privatization of State Companies), Közgazdasági Szemle, June 1991,
35. Voszka Éva, 'Privatizációs illúziók' (Illusions of Privatization), in Tarsadalmi Szemle, December 1991.
36. Judit Kiss, 'Privatization in Hungary', paper presented to the conference on International Privatization: Strategies and Practices, St Andrews University, September 1991, p 1.
37. János Simon quoted by Irena Czekierska in 'The get rich quick world of Hungary's Lada louts', in The Guardian, 2 May 1992.
38. Elemér Hankiss, 'What the Hungarians saw first', in Gwyn Prins (ed.), Spring in Winter: the 1989 revolutions, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1990, pp 26-27.
39. David Stark, 'Privatization in Hungary: From Plan to Market or From Plan to Clan?', in East European Politics and Societies, Vol 4 No 3, Fall 1990, pp 351-392.
40. Terry Cox, 'Privatization and New Economic Groupings in Hungary", paper presented to conference on New Directions in Hungary held at Glasgow University in June 1992.
41. Milovan Djilas, The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class, London, Unwin Books, 1969, p 187.
42. For a fuller account of the Hungarian party system, see my contribution to Paul Lewis, Bill Lomax and Gordon Wightman, 'The Emergence of Multi-Party Systems in the East-Central European Countries: A Comparative Perspective', forthcoming in Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen (ed.), Rooting Fragile Democracies: Regime Transition in Eastern Europe, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1993.
43. Judy Batt, East Central Europe from Reform to Transformation, London, Pinter, 1991, p 45.
44. George Konrád, Anti-Politics, London, Quartet, 1984, pp 133-147.
45. Erzsébet Szalai, 'The chances of a real change of the system in Hungary', Budapest, unpublished manuscript, 1991.
46. Attila Ágh, 'Transition to Democracy in East-Central Europe: a Comparative View', in György Szoboszlai (ed.), Democracy and Political Transformation, Budapest, Hungarian Political Science Association, 1991, p 119.
47. György Csepeli and Péter György, 'Ne várjuk Kalibánt' (Don't wait for Caliban), Budapest, Népszabadság, 24 August 1991.
48. Péter Bihari, 'From Where to Where? Reflections on Hungary's Social Revolution', in Ralph Miliband and Leo Panitch (ed.), The Socialist Register 1991, London, Merlin Press, 1991.
49. Johan Galtung, 'Cassandra or Polyanna, Two Scenarios for Europe', in International Foundation for Development Alternatives Dossier, No 79, Oct-Dec 1990, p 60.
50. Ivan Szelényi, 'Alternative Futures for Eastern Europe: The Case of Hungary, in East European Politics and Societies', Vol 4 No 2, Spring 1990.
51. Andre Gunder Frank, 'Revolution in Eastern Europe', in Third World Quarterly, Vol 12 No 2, 1990, pp 47-9.
52. Samir Amin, 'The Future of Socialism', in Monthly Review, Vol 42 No 3, Jul-Aug 1990, pp 10, 13, 20 and 22.
53. See also Amin's most recent book, The Empire of Chaos, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1992.
54. Quotations from interviews with Immanuel Wallerstein in_Eszmélet and Mozgó Világ, Budapest, September 1990 and September 1991.
55. See also: Immanuel Wallerstein, 'The Collapse of Liberalism', in The Socialist Register 1992, London, Merlin Press, 1992, pp 96-110.
56. György Csepeli & Antal Örkény, Ideology and Political Beliefs in Hungary, London, Pinter, 1992.
57. Zygmunt Bauman, 'Intellectuals in East-Central Europe: Continuity and Change', in Eastern European Politics and Societies, Vol 1 No 2, Spring 1987 186.
58. Karol Modzelewski, 'A Viable Left', in Uncaptive Minds, Vol 4 No 3, Fall 1991, p 111.