New discoveries of Sarmatian complexes of the 1st century A.D. A survey of publications in Vdi

Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 35-100

  Treister, M Yu ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 61149115803     PISSN: 0929077X     EISSN: 15700577     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157005797X00045     Document Type: Article

References (228)

1. See: A.V. Simonenko, "Farzoi i Inismei - Aorsy ili Alany?" (Pharzoios and Inismeus - Aorsi or Alani?), VDI 3 (1992) 148-62
2. V.K. Guguev, "Kobyakovsky Kurgan (k voprosu o vostochnych vliyaniyakh na kul'turu sarmatov I v. n.e.-nachala II v. n.e)". (The Kobyakovo barrow (oriental influence on the Sarmatian culture of the 1st-early 2nd cent. A.D.), VDI 4 (1992) 116-29
3. V.V. Dvornichenko, G.A. Fyodorov-Davydov, "Sarmatskoe pogrebenie skeptukha I v. n.e. u s. Kosika Astrakhanskoi oblasti" (The 1st cent. A.D. Sarmatian Burial of the Sceptuch near the Village of Kosika of the Astrakhan Region), VDI 3 (1993) 141-79
4. M.Yu. Treister, "Sarmatskaya shkola khudozhestvennoi torevtiki (k otkrytiyu serviza iz Kosiki)" (The Sarmatian School of Artistic Toreutics (discovery of the tableware set at Kosika)) VDI 1 (1994) 172-203
5. Yu.G. Vinogradov, "Ocherk voenno-politicheskoi istorii Sarmatov v l v. n.e." (An Essay on the Military-Political history of the Sarmatians in the 1st cent. A.D.), VDI 2 (1994) 151-70
6. I.S. Klochkov, "Dve tsilindricheskie pechati iz Sarmatskogo pogrebeniya u s. Kosika" (Two Cylindrical Seals from the Sarmatian Burial near the Village of Kosika), VDI 3 (1994) 210-17
7. The complex from the cache of the barrow near the village of Dacha similar to the published one has not been included in the survey: Ye.I. Bespaly, "Kurgan sarmatskogo vremeni u g. Azova" (The Sarmatian Barrow near the Town of Azov), SA 1 (1992) 175-90
8. M.Yu. Treister, "New Finds of Rich Sarmatian Barrows in the Lower Don Basin", Arch. News XVI (1991) 88-90
9. The Treasures of Nomadic Tribes in South Russia (Tokyo: 1991) 102-9, No. 108-27
10. Aus den Schatzkammern Eurasiens. Meisterwerke antiker Kunst. Kunsthaus Zürich (Zürich: 1993) 251-61, No. 133-7
11. M. Treister, V. Guguev, "Ein Volk zwischen den grossen Kulturen," Damals 9 (1994) 34-40
12. When this survey had been prepared for publication the monograph by A.V. Simonenko "Tauric Sarmatians" came out (Kiev: 1993) which presents for the first time some interesting material from the Crimea, in particular, a very rich complex of jewelry from the Nogaichik barrow, undoubtedly worthy of a monographic publication
13. Of the few publications about history and archaeology of the Sarmatians published in European languages we will mention T. Sulimirski, The Sarmatians (London: 1970)
14. J. Harmatta, "Studies in History and the Language of the Sarmatians" Acta antiqua et archaeologica, XII (Szeged: 1970)
15. B.A. Raev, Roman Imports in the Lower Don Basin (BAR Intern Ser., 278) (Oxford: 1986)
16. New finds have been partially described in articles published in European languages: M. Treister, New Finds of Rich Sarmatian Barrows in the Lower Don Basin, 88-93, 97
17. V.K. Guguev, I.G. Ravich, M.Yu. Treister, "Han Mirrors and Local Replicas in Eastern Europe," Bull. of the Metals Museum 16 (1991) 32-50
18. M. Treister, V. Guguev, Ein Volk zwischen den grossen Kulturen 34-40
19. V.V. Dvornitchenko, G.A. Fedorov-Davydov, "Trésors des tombes de l'aristocratie sarmate au nord de la Caspienne," Les dossiers d'archéologie 194 (1994) 66-75
20. V.K. Gougouev, "Tombe d'une riche sarmate," Les dossiers d'archéologie 194 (1994) 76-83
21. idem, "Complex of the Gold Jewelry and Archaeology," in: Proceedings of the International Symposium Dedicated to the Memory of Burton Y. Berry, Bloomington, September 1991 (Bloomington: 1994)
22. About Sarmatian monuments of the 2nd-3rd cent. A.D. see: V.K. Guguev, M.J. Treister, "Une oenochoé de bronze à scenes mythologiques provenant d'un kourgane sarmate de la région de Rostov," Revue archéologique 2 (1992) 243-71
23. M.G. Mochkova, "Le cimetière sarmate de Lcbedevka dans le sud de l'Oural," in: Les dossiers d'archéologie 194 (1994) 84-7
24. See: Simonenko, Farzoi i Inismei (Pharzoios and Inismeus. . .)
25. and also A.V. Simonenko, B.I. Lobay, Sarmaty Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomorya v l v. n.e. (The Sarmatians of the North-Western Black Sea Region in the 1st cent. A.D.) (Kiev: 1991)
26. Gold der Steppe. Archäologie der Ukraine (Schleswig: 1991) 327-9, No. 154-7
27. X. Buyukliev, "Trakiiski mogilen nekropol pri Chatalka, Starozagorski okrug," in: Razkopki i prouchvania 16 (Sofia: 1986) 112
28. I.I. Tolstoi, N.P. Kondakov, "Russkie drevnosti v pamyatnikakh iskusstva" (Russian Antiquities in the Monuments of Art), in: Collected Publications (1990) Vol. 3, 140, fig. 164
29. V.I. Sarianidi, Bactrian Gold (Leningrad: 1985) 222
30. V.I. Sarianidi, "Baktriiski tsentr zlatodeliya" (The Bactrian Centre of Goldsmithery), SA 1 (1987) 77
31. M.Yu. Treister, "Grivna iz sarmatskogo pogrebeniya u s. Porogi" (The Torque from the Sarmatian Burial near the Village of Porogi), VDI 1 (1995)
32. Simonenko, Lobay, op. cit. 29, fig. 19,3
33. M.Yu. Treister, "Eshchë raz ob ozherelyakh s podveskami v vide babochek I v. n.e. iz Severnogo Prichernomorya" (Once More about the Necklaces with Pendants in the Form of Butterflies from the Northern Black Sea Region), in: Peterburgsky Arkheologichesky Vestnik 4 (1993) 87-95
34. Sarianidi, op. cit., 239, 242, 253, 256, 260
35. Below is the list of gold vessels from the Sarmatian complexes and burials of Tillya-Tepe: 1. A gold bowl with a handle in the shape of a dear, inlays of turquoise, coral, glass found in the Khochlach tumulus (the so-called Novocherassk treasure), exc. 1864, h. 7.5 cm. The State Hermitage, inv. 22131/13. Weight 267.4 gr. Lit.: Tolstoi, Kondakov, op. cit. 139, fig. 163
36. The Dawn of Art. Palaeolithic, Neolithic Bronze Age and Iron age Remains Found in the Territory of the Soviet Union. The Hermitage Collection (Leningrad: 1974) No. 75-6
37. A.P. Mantsevich, "Nakhodka v Zaporozhskom Kurgane (K voprosu o sibirskoi kollektsii Petra I)" (A Find in the Zaporozhie Barrow (on the Siberian collection of Peter I)), in: Skifo-Sibirskii zverinyi stil' v iskusstve narodov Eurazii (The Scytho-Siberian Animal Style in the Art of the Peoples of Eurasia) (Moscow: 1976) 184-9, fig. 22,1
38. Simonenko, Lobay, op. cit. 58-59, fig. 30,2; pl. 35
39. About bronze and silver vessels from the same burial see: B.A. Raev, "Metallicheskie sosudy kurgana Khokhlach" (Metal Vessels from the Khokhlach Tumulus), in: Problemy arkheologii 2 (Problems of Archaeology 2) (Leningrad: 1978) 89-94
40. idem, "Roman Import. . ." 14-16
41. A gold bowl of a similar shape with the handle decorated with granulation found in the Khokhlach tumulus. The State Hermitage, inv. 2213/7. Weight 459.6 gr. Lit.: unpublished
42. A gold bowl from Batyr Lake. The State Hermitage, inv. 1928/3; h. 9.3 cm, d. 7.7 cm., weight 206 gr. Lit.: K.M. Skalon, "O kul'turnykh svyazyakh Vostochnogo Prikaspiya v pozdnesarmatskoe vremya" (On Cultural Ties on the Eastern Caspian Region in the Late Sarmatian Epoch), ASbor 2 (1961) 123f., fig. 7
43. A gold bowl with a handle in the shape of a cat-like beast, inlays of turquoise, coral, glass found in the tumulus near stanitsa Migulinskaya in the Kuban' basin, h. 11.5 cm. Present location unknown. Lit.: Tolstoi, Kondakov, op. cit. 140
44. N.I. Vesselovsky, "Kurgany Kubanskoi oblasti v period rimskogo vladychestva na Severnom Kavkaze" (Tumuli of the Kuban Region in the Period of Roman Rule in the Northern Caucasus), in: Trudy XII Arkheologicheskogo S'ezda I (Proceedings of the XIIth Archaeological Congress I) (Moscow: 1902) 362-5
45. M.I. Rostovtzeff, "Nadpis' na zolotom sosude iz St. Migulinskoi" (The Inscription of the Gold Vessel from Migulinskaya), IAK 63 (1917) 106-8
46. idem, Skythien und Bosporus (Berlin: 1931), 580
47. Mantsevich, op. cit. 184-9, fig. 22,2
48. Simonenko, Lolay, op. cit. 58-9, fig. 30,4; pl. 36
49. A gold bowl from the 1st cent. A.D., cache II, Vysochino VII, tumulus 28, exc. 1922; h. 7.8 cm, d. 13.8 cm., weight 501.4 gr. Probe 990. Asov Museum, KP 19532/171. Lit.: E.I. Bespaly, "Kurgan I v.n.e. u g. Azova," Sov. Arch. 4 (1985) 167f., fig. 5,1
50. Raev, "Roman Imports. . ." pl. 68.2
51. "The Treasures of Nomadic Tribes. . ." No. 107
52. A gold phiale. A cast dish or salver fluted with thirty-seven grooves fanning out from the central circlet. From the Gonio treasure, 1975; h. 4.8 cm., d. 18.8 cm. Batumi. Research Institute of the Academy of Science of Georgia, inv. 20110/1. Lit.: O.D. Lordkipanidze, T.K. Mikeladze, Khakhoutaichvili. Le trésor de Gonio (Tbilisi: 1980) 35, 59, No. 2, ill. XII-XIV
53. It is stated that the massive gold phial from Gonio is similar to silver bowls widespread in Georgia in the first centuries A.D. (Taglioni, Bandza, etc., op. cit. 43, 68, No. 37). A very close parallel is the gold phiale from the 1st cent. A.D. burial 4, royal necropolis of Tillya-Tepe in Northern Afghanistan (see the list, No. 11)
54. A gold pyxis consisting of three segments: a bottom, a cylindrical body and a lid with a handle. The wholecast body is embellished along the waist with a horizontal band of laurels, each of which is bounded at the base by a curved thong. The separately cast bottom has been soldered on to the body. On the bottom extant towards the end is an inscription in Greek punched in small dots by a matt-tool. The inscription reads CTAEB, which most likely designates by means of lettering the vessels weight of five staters and two drachmae (as the stater tips the scales at appr. 15.5 gr., this adds up to 86.0 gr. - the vessel's actual weight). The lid is embellished with the same ornamental design as the body of the vessel. The protruding handle is topped by a finial or pommel whose shape is reminiscent of a pomegranate; it carries an embossed ornamental design along the rim. The round loop, one of which is soldered on to the lid and the other on to the body, are linked by a braided gold chain. Necropolis Tillya-Tepe, Northern Afghanistan, Burial 3 (with gold aureus of Tiberius, A.D. 16-21, mint of Lugdunum): 5.5 cm., 5.6 cm. Weight 86 gr. Lit.: V.A. Sarianidi, Bactrian Gold, 241, No. 41, 111, 141
55. A gold bowl. Cast of a thin sheet and subsequently embossed - as is indicated by the traces of partially smoothed hammered circles. The bottom of the bowl is strongly concave. Max d. 19.7 cm., d. of the bottom 10.5 cm., depth of the semispherical bottom 2.5 cm. Weight 305.0 gr. Necropolis Tillya-Tepe, Burial 3. Lit.: Sarianidi, Bactrian Gold, 238-239, No. 22
56. A lidded pot for cosmetics. This cast flat-bottomed pot with an upright lip carries soldered on to its shoulders two loops - one on either side - of twisted wire with coiled ends. Passed through both loops are two chains which are attached to the soldered-on ring-shaped handle of the pot's flat lid. Bottom d. 1.2 cm., body d. 2.0 cm. and lid d. 1.5 cm. Weight 7.94 gr. Necropolis Tillya-Tepe, Burial 3. Lit.: Sarianidi, Bactrian Gold, 238, No. 18, ill. 141
57. A phiale. A cast dish or salver fluted with thirty-two grooves fanning out from the central circlet. Punched with a matt-tool on the outer side is the stippled inscription in Greek: CTAMA, d. 23.0 cm., h. 4.0 cm. Bottom d. 7.5 cm. Weight 638.0 gr. Necropolis Tillya-Tepe, Burial 4. Lit.: Sarianidi, op. cit. 251, No. 31, ills. 138-139. The Greek inscription on the rim designates the vessel's overall weight in staters. Since a stater weighed between 15.5 and 15.6 gr., the inscription may be deciphered as standing for 41 staters which reduced to the metric system adds up to the bowl's exact weight of 638 gr. Sarianidi, Bactrian Gold, 36
58. See: Guguev, op. cit
59. and also T.A. Prokhorova, V.K. Guguev, "Bogatoe Sarmatskoe pogrebenie v Kurgane na vostochnoi okraine g. Rostova-na-Donu" (A Rich Sarmatian Burial on the Eastern outskirts of Rostov-on-Don), in: Izvestiya Rostovskogo oblastnogo muzeya kraevedeniya (Rostov-on-Don: 1988) 40-9
60. V.K. Guguev, "Ein reiches Sarmatengarb in Rostov am Don", in: Das Altertum 36.1 (1990) 37-42
61. "The Treasures of Nomadic Tribes. . ." 111-3, No. 130-134
62. "Aus den Schatzkammern Eurasiens. . ." 264-71, No. 140-144
63. T.A. Prokhorova, V.K. Guguev, "Bogatoe pogrebenie v kurgane 10 Kobyakovskogo mogil'nika" (A Rich Sarmatian Burial in Barrow 10 of the Kobyakovo Necropolis), SA 1 (1992) 142-61
64. Guguev, Tombe d'une reine sarmate
65. Treister, New Finds of Rich Sarmatian Barrows 90-3
66. M.I. Artamonov, Sokrovishcha sakov (Treasures of the Saka) (Leningrad: 1973) 179, 180, 184
67. Prokhorova, Guguev, "Bogatoe sarmatskoe pogrebenie v Kurgane 10" (A Rich Sarmatian Burial in Barrow 10. . .) 157
68. Skalon, "O Kul'turnykh svyazyakh Vostochnogo Prikaspiya" (On Cultural Ties of the Eastern Caspian Region. . .) 140
69. Gold der Skythen. Schätze aus der Staatlichen Eremitage St. Petersburg (Hamburg: 1993) 242-3, No. 157
70. Guguev, Ravich, Treister, op. cit
71. IAK for 1872 P (1873) 21-22
72. J.W. Hayes, Late Roman Pottery (London: 1972) 411, note 4
73. U. Mandel, Kleinasiatische Reliefkeramik der mittleren Kaiserzeit. Die "Oinophorengruppe" und verwandtes, Pergamenische Forchungen S (Berlin-New York: 1988) 212-4, Ann. 1540, 1550, 1552
74. M.Yu. Treister, New Find of a Relief Lagynos from Asia Minor in South-Western Crimea, Colloquenda Pontica B/1.6. (1994) 39-40
75. I.P. Zasetskaya, "Zolotye ukrasheniya gunnskoi epochi" (Gold Ornaments of the Hun Epoch) (Leningrad: 1975) 17, fig. 3
76. G.T. Kovpanenko, "Sarmatskoe pogrebenie 1 v. n.e. na yuzhnom Buge" (The 1st cent. A.D. Sarmatian Burial in the Southern Bug area) (Kiev: 1986) 68-70, fig. 70-3
77. V.I. Sarianidi, Khram i nekropol' Tillya Tepe (The Temple and the Necropolis of Tillya-Tepe) (Moscow: 1989) 66, fig. 23
78. Yu.A. Rapoport "Khorezmiiskie ossuarii" (Khorezm Ossuaries), in: Iz istorii religii drevnego Khorezma (From the Religions History of Ancient Khorezm) (Moscow: 1971) 231
79. G.A. Pugachenkova, Iskusstvo Gandkhary (Art of Gandhara) (Moscow: 1982) 123, fig. 129; 130, fig. 136; 145, fig. 153
80. B. Brentjes, Die iranische Welt vor Mochammed (Leipzig: 1978) Taf. 96
81. See, e.g.: M.V. Gorelik, "Kushanskii dospekh" (Kushan Armour), in: Drevnyaya Indiya: Istoriko-kul'turnye svyazi (Ancient India: Historico-Cultural Ties) (Moscow: 1982) tables 1, 2
82. idem: "Sakski dospekh" (Saka Armour), in: Tsentral Aziya: Novye pamyatniki pis'mennosti i iskusstva (Central Asia: New Monuments of Writing and Art) (Moscow: 1987) 368, fig. 2,7
83. H. von Gall, "Das Reiterkampf bild in der Iranischen und Iranisch Beeinflussten Kunst Partischer und Sassanidischer Zeit" (Berlin: 1990), in: Teheraner Forschungen, VI, 48f., Abb. 8
84. M. Pfrommer, Metalwork from the Helenized East (Malibu: 1993) 10, fig. 5
85. Gorelik, Sakski dospekh (Saka Armour), 368, fig. 2,6
86. G.A. Pugachenkova, Drevnosti Miankalya (Antiquities from Miankal') (Tashkent: 1989) 149, fig. 71
87. B. Brentjes, "Zu den Reiterbildern von Kurgan-Tepe", Ir Ant 25 (1990) 177. Abb. 4. For greater detail see bibliography to note 61
88. Sarianidi, Bactrian Gold, fig. 160-6
89. J. Wagner, "Dynastie- und Herrscherkult in Kommagene," IstMitt 33 (1983) Taf. 49
90. D. Brescak, Roman Bronze Vessels in Slovenia (Ljubljana: 1982) 20, pl. VIII, 62-7
91. J.-P. Guillaumet, "La Gaule Chevelue. Similitudes et différences dans la vaisselle métallique des tombes et habitats de l'Europe tempéree", in: La vaisselle tardo-républicaine en bronze (Dijon: 1991) 193-7
92. M. Castoldi, M. Feugère, "Les simpulums," in: La vaisselle tardo-republicaine. . . 61ff., 68, 70, fig. 10
93. P. Popovic, "Italische Bronzegefässe im Skordiskergebiet," Germania 70.2 (1992) 64-6, Abb. 4, 1-2
94. Dautova-Rushev'an, "Bronzani sudove iz sbirki Voivodanskogo muzeya," in: Zbornik narodnogo muzeya (Beograd: 1992), V.XIV.1.359-61, table 1,1
95. K.V. Golenko, D.B. Shelov, "Monety iz raskopok Pantikapeya 1945-1961" (Coins from the Excavations of Pantikapaion in 1945-1961), in: Numizmatika i sfragistica (Numismatics and Sphragistics) 1 (Kiev: 1963) 12
96. N.A. Frolova, "K voprosu o nachale pravleniya Aspurga na Bospore" (On the Question of the Beginning of the Reign of Aspurgus in the Bosporus), VDI 1 (1979) 142
97. G.A. Tsvetaeva, "Kirpichi s mamgoi iz Gorgippii," (Bricks with Tamga from Gorgippia), KSIA 143 (1975) 99
98. N.A. Onaiko, A.V. Dmitriev, "Ukreplennoye zdanie v antichnom poselenii u s. Vladimirovka bliz Novorossiiska," (The Fortified Building in the Ancient Settlement at the Village of Vladimirovka near Novorossiisk), KSIA 168 (1981) 97
99. I.V. Kaminskaya, V.N. Kaminsky, A.V. P'yankov, "Sarmatskoe pogrebenie u stanitsy Mikhailovskoi (Zakubanie)" (The Sarmatian Burial at the Village of Mikhailovskaya), SA 4 (1984) 233, fig. 4,2
100. V.D. Kubarev, "Kinzhaly iz Gornogo Altaya" (Daggers from the Altai Mountains), in: Voennoe delo drevnikh plemyon Sibiri i tsentral'noi Azii (Military Craft of the Ancient Tribes of Siberia and Central Asia) (Novosibirsk: 1971)
101. V.I. Sarianidi, Khram and necropol' Tillya-tepe (The Temple and the Necropolis of Tillya-Tepe) 98; Simonenko, Lobay, op. cit. 40-2
102. Sarianidi, Bactrian Gold, 250, No. 9
103. Bespaly, "Kurgan sarmatskogo vremeni" (The Sarmatian Barrow), T. . .254, fig. 3, 4, 7
104. Simonenko, Lobay, op. cit. 51-2, fig. 13,12; 27,5,6
105. J.-L. Zimmerman, Ancient Art from the Barbier-Muller Museum (New York: 1991) 96, fig. 28
106. M.J. Artamonov, Goldschatz der Skythen (Prag: 1970) Taf. 295
107. Skythische Kunst (Leningrad: 1986), No. 118-9; 255-6
108. Gold aus Kiew. 170 Meisterwerke aus der Schatzkammer der Ukraine. Eine Ausstellung des Kunsthistorischen Museums Wien (Wien: 1993) 119ff., No. 59
109. See, e.g., the scenes on the phiale from Solokha: Artamonov, op. cit., Taf. 158-9
110. on the headdress from Chertomlyk and on the scabbard from Tolstaya Mogila: Skythische Kunst, No. 233, 150-4, etc
111. the images of a lioness on the two cups from Kul-oba: Skythische Kunst, No. 190, 194
112. a griffin on the bowl from Solokha: Artamonov, op. cit., Taf. 154
113. Artamonov, op. cit., Taf. 58, Abb. 135
114. N.V. Kovalev, S.V. Polin, "Skifskie Kurgany u s. Korneevka Zaporozhskoi oblasti" (Scythian Barrows at the Village of Korneevka of the Zaporozhye Region), in: Kurgany stepnoi Skifii (Barrows of Steppe Scythia) (Kiev: 1991) 43f., fig. 2, 1-4
115. Gold aus Kiew 130-1, No. 256 140-1, No. 30
116. A.M. Khazanov, Ocherk voennogo dela sarmatov (An Essay on the Military Craft of the Sarmatians) (Moscow: 1971) 57
117. Gorelik, Kushansky dospekh (Kushan Armour) 82-3, table 1; 97, table 10.k
118. See, e.g., scenes on the Mug shield and Pcdgikcnt paintings: V.I. Raspopova, Metallicheskie izdeliya rannesrednevekovogo Sogda (Metal Articles of the Early Medieval Sogd) (Leningrad: 1980) 83
119. R. Ghirshman, Iran, Parthes et Sassanides (Paris: 1962) 109, fig. 125
120. Gold aus Kiew 68-70, Abb. 19-20
121. Aus den Schatzkammern Eurasiens 124-5, No. 63
122. A.A. Moroufenko, "Le Kourgane scythe de Perederieva Moguila," in: Les dossiers d'archéologie 194 (1994) 22-5
123. S.I. Rudenko, Die Sibirische Sammlung Peters I (Moscow-Leningrad: 1962) 13, Taf. 11, 4
124. Drevneishie gosudarstva Kavkaza i Srednei Azii (Arkheologiya SSSR) (The Ancient States of the Caucasus and Central Asia (Archaeology of the USSR)) (Moscow: 1985) 291, tabl. CXXXVII, 9
125. M.V. Vlaskin, "Zolotye zoomorfnye pryazhki iz kurgannogo mogil'nika u kh. Novogo" (Gold Zoomorphic Clasps from the Barrow at the Hamlet of Novy), in: Istorico-arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v g. Azove i na nizhnem Donu v 1988 g. Tez. dokl. k seminaru (Historico-Archaeological Studies in the Town of Azov and in the Lower Don Area in 1988) (Azov: 1989) 32-4, fig. 2
126. M.A. Davlet, "Sibirskie poyasnye azhurnye plastiny II v. do n.e.-I v. n.e." (Siberian Openwork Belt Plates of the 2nd cent. B.C.-1st cent. A.D.) SAI 04-7 (Moscow: 1980), 14, 16-7
127. P. D'Amore, "Glittica a cilindro achemenide: linee di uno sviluppo tematico-chronologico," in: Contributi e materiali di archeologia orientale IV (1992) 187-272
128. M.V Gorelik, "K etnicheskoi identifikatsii personazhei, izobrazhennykh na predmetakh Amudar'iniskogo Klada" (On the Ethnic Identification of Personages Depicted on Objects from the Amu-Darya Cache), in: Khudozhestvennye pamyatniki i problemy kul'tury Vostoka (Artistic Monuments and Problems of Oriental Culture) (Leningrad: 1985) 37
129. E. Porada, The Art of Ancient Iran. Pre-Islamic Cultures (Baden-Baden: 1965) 153, pl. 42
130. E.I. Bespaly, The Barrows with Roman Imports Excavated by the Expedition of the Azov Regional Museum in 1979-1984; Raev, Roman Imports, 77, pl. 66-67
131. The Treasures of Nomadic Tribes, No. 103
132. Similarity of forms of the silver kantharoi from Vysochino and Kosika (of the latter fragments of the handles of a typical form have been preserved) should be noted. Such forms are well-known in Olbia and the Kuban' area and are dated to the late 1st cent. B.C.-1st cent. A.D. See I.I. Gushchina, I.P. Zasetskaya, "Pogrebeniya zubovsko-vozdvizhenskogo tipa iz raskopok N.I. Veselovskogo v Prikuban'ye (I v. do n.e.-nachalo II v. n.e.)" (Burials of the Zubovsko-Vozdvizhensky Type from the Excavations by N.I. Vesselovsky in the Kuban' Area (the 1st cent. B.C.-early 2nd cent. A.D.), in: Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya na yuge Vostochnoi Evropy (Archaeological Explorations in the South of Eastern Europe), GIM 70 (Moscow: 1989) 84
133. V.P. Shilov, Ocherki po istorii drevnikh plemyon Nizhnego Povolzhya (Essays on the History of the Ancient Tribes of the Lower Volga Area) (Leningrad: 1975) 165, 150-1, fig. 58, 1
134. V.P. Shilov, "Zaporozhsky Kurgan (k voprosu o pogrebeniyakh aorsskoi znati)" (The Zaporozhsky Barrow (On the Question of Burials of the Aorsi Noblemen)), SA 1 (1983) 185, 189-91
135. idem, "Aorsi (istorico-arkheologicheskii ocherk)" (The Aorsi (historico-archaeological essay)), in: Istoriya i Kul'tura sarmatov (History and Culture of the Sarmatians) (Saratov: 1983) 45-6
136. For brief information see: S.I. Lukyashko and others, "Raskopki Kurganov v zone stroitel'stva Primorskoi orositel'noi sistemy" (Excavations of Barrows in the Area of the Construction of the Primorye Irrigation System), AO-1977 (Moscow: 1978) 127
137. The Treasures of Nomadic Tribes. . . No. 144-5
138. P.R.S. Moorey, "The Technique of Gold-figure Decoration on Achaemenid Silver and Its Antecedents," in: Ir. Ant. v. XXIII (1988) 231-46
139. About Parthian toreutics also see: P.R.S. Moorey, Parthian and Sassanian Metalwork in the Bomford Collection, Burl. Mag. v. CXVIII
140. Also see: Glories of the Past: Ancient Art from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Collection (New York: 1990) 1192, No. 138
141. About the technique of decorating Roman silver vessels combining engraving, gilding and burnishing, see: D. Strong, Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate (Leningrad: 1966) 195
142. I.W. Salomonson, "Kunstgeschichtliche und ikonographische Untersuchungen zu einem Tonfragment der Sammlung Benaki in Athen," BaBesch. 1973, Jg. XLVIII 32-8
143. See note 12: No. 1, 4
144. Simonenko, Lobay, op. cit. 58, fig. 30, 1; ph. 22
145. Gold der Steppe. . . No. 157
146. Bespaly, op. cit. 78, pl. 69, 1
147. Khazanov, op. cit. 88
148. G.A. Pugachenkova, "Obraz Kangyuitsa v sogdiiskom iskusstve" (The Image of the Kanguy in Sogdian Art), in: G.A. Pugachenkova, Iz khudozhestvennoi sokrovishchnitsy Srednego Vostoka (From the Artistic Treasure House of the Middle East) (Tashkent: 1987) 57 (fig.), 63
149. eadem: Drevnosti Miankalya (Antiquities of Miankal) 149, fig. 71
150. cf. B. Brentjes, "Incised Bones and a Ceremonial Belt; Finds from Kurgan-Tepe and Tillya-Tepe," Bull. of the Asia Institute, N.S. 1989v. 3. 39-44
151. idem, "Zu den Reiterbildern von Kurgan-Tepe," 173-82
152. Cf. the opinion of P. Bernard that the battle scene from Khalchayan represents the victory of the Yüeh-chi over the Bactrians: P. Bernard, "Les nomades conquerants de l'empire greco-bactrien, reflexions sur leur identité ethnique et culturelle," CRAI (1897) 760-2
153. J.M. Gagoshidze, "The Temples af Dedolphis Mindori," in: East and West 42.1 (1992) 41-2, fig. 11-13
154. G.R. Tsetstkhladze, "Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Gruzii za poslednee desyatiletie i nekotorye problemy drevnei istorii Vostochnogo Prichernomorya" (Archaeological Excavations in Georgia in the Latest Decade and Some Problems of the Ancient Eastern Black Sea Region), VDI 3 (1994) 208-9, fig. 16
155. B.A. Litvinsky, "Sredneaziatskie zheleznye nakonechniki strel" (Central Asian Iron Arrowheads), SA 2 (1965) 90
156. J. Marshall, Taxila (Cambridge: 1951) v.II 560, v.III, pl. 169, 200-2. The iron arrowhead found in the abovementioned Orlatsky barrow is probably the oldest known three-point one
157. See: G.A. Pugachenkova, Drevnosti Miankala (Antiquities of Miankal) fig. 56
158. W.M. Werner, "Eisenzeitliche Trensen an der unteren und mittleren Donau," PPF, Abt. XVI Bd (München: 1988) 48-51
159. The drawings published by G.A. Pugachenkova ("The Image of the Kanguy") do not make it possible to draw the conclusion which is quite obvious on the basis of the drawing made from the enlarged photograph of the plate. The author is grateful to V.K. Guguev for the observation
160. O. Guillaume, "Contribution à l'étude d'un artisanat bactrien pré-hellenistique," in: Actes du colloque franco-soviétique "L'archeologie de la Bactriane ancienne" (Dushanbe: 1982) P. 1985, 259 suiv., fig. 7-8
161. O. Guillaume, A. Rongeulle, "Les petits objects" (Fouilles d'ai Khanoum, VII) P. 1987, 34 suiv. No. 630, 634, Bl. 13, 1-2
162. Marshall, op. cit. v. II, 551, v. II pl. 165 No. 100a-b, pl. 185d
163. A. Azzaroli, An Early History of Horsemanship, (Leiden: 1985) 92f
164. Guillaume, op. cit. 259 suiv. About their spread in Central Asia also see Litvinsky. Op. cit. 51f
165. M. Boosen, Etruskische Meeresmischwesen: Untersuchungen zur Typologie und Bedeutung (Roma: 1986) 50f. Anm. 80
166. I.R. Pichikyan, "Paradnye nozhny greko-baktriiskikh mechei" (The Ceremonial Scabbard of the Graeco-Bactrian Swords), in: Problemy antichnoi kul'tury (Problems of Ancient Culture) (Moscow: 1986) 270f, fig. 5g
167. dated to the first half of the 2nd cent. A.D.: Drevnosti Tajikistana (Antiquities of Tajikistan in the Catalogue of the Exhibition) (Dushanbe: 1985) 89-90; No. 192
168. Oxus. 2000 Jahre Kunst am Oxus Fluss s in Mittelasien: Neue Funde aus der Sowietre-publik Tadschikistan. (Zürich: 1989) 38, No. 9
169. I.R. Pichikyan, "Kul'tura Baktrii. Akhmenidskii ellinisticheskii periody" (Culture of Bactria. Achaemenid and Hellenistic Periods) (Moscow: 1991) 179f
170. S.I. Rudenko, "Kul'tura khunnov i noinul'skie Kurgany" (Culture of the Huns and the Noin-Ula Barrows) (Moscow/Leningrad: 1962) table LXV
171. B. Stawiski, Kunst der Kuschane (Leipzig: 1979) 84, Abb. 58
172. Gli ori di Taranto in eta ellenistica (Milano: 1989) 59, No. 8
173. M.Yu. Treister, "Once More about the Round Matrix from Former D.M. Robinson Collection," Oxf. IA 13.1 (1994) 85-92
174. E. Valtz, "Trench on the East Side of the Archive Square, Seleucia, 13th Season" Mesopotamia (1988) v. XXIII, 27, fig. 21
175. A. Invernizzi, "The Investiture of Nemesis Allat in Hatra," Mesopotamia (1989) v. XXIV, fig. 90, p. 150
176. See: the bibliography: Invernizzi, op. cit., 149, note 70, p. 151
177. A.A. Ivanov, V.G. Lukonin, L.S. Smesova, "Yuvelirnye izdeliya Vostoka: Drevnii, srednevekovyi periody," (Oriental Jewelry: Ancient, Medieval Periods), in: The Collection of the Special Storeroom of the Department of the Orient of the State Hermitage (Moscow: 1984) 21, No. 24
178. Drevnosti Tajikistana (Antiquities of Tajikistan), 138-9, No. 364
179. Oxus, 85, No. 45
180. See: K.V. Trever, Pamyatniki greko-baktriiskogo iskusstva (Monuments of Graeco-Bactrian Art) (Moscow-Leningrad: 1940) 48
181. J. Boardman, "The Ketos in India", in: Iconographie classique et identités regionales 447-53
182. idem, "Very Like a Whale-classical Sea Monsters," in: Monsters and Demons in the Ancient and Medieval World: Papers Presented in Honor of Edith Porada (Mainz: 1987) 82 f
183. R. Frai, Nasledie Irana (Iran's Heritage) (Moscow: 1972), ill. 101
184. A.N. Bader, "Ikonografiya parfyanskogo monumental'nogo iskusstva v istoricheskoi literature" (Iconography of Parthian Monumental Art in Historical Literature), VDI 1 (1991) 216
185. V.V. Dvornichenko, G.A. Fyodorov-Davydov, "Serebryanye falary iz sarmatskogo pogrebeniya mogil'nika Krivaya Luka IX v Arkhangel'skoi oblasti" (Silver Phalarae from the Sarmatian Burial of the Barrow Krivaya Luka IX in the Astrakhan' Region), KSIA 168 (1981) 100-5
186. About the facing of the rhyton from Merdgany see, e.g., M.I. Artamonov, Goldschatz der Skythen (Prag-Leningrad: 1970), Abb. 331
187. See: Bader, op. cit., 216f
188. A.M.G. Little, B. Goldman, "The Beginnings of Sassanian Painting and Dura Europos," Ir Ant. 1980, vol. XV, 288
189. B.A. Raev, "Novye nakhodki rimskikh importov v nizhnem Podonye" (New Finds of Roman Imports in the Lower Don Area), in: Antichnaya tsivilizatsiya i varvarskii mir v Podonye-Priazovye (Ancient Civilization and the Barbarian World in the Don-Azov Area). Doctoral thesis (Novocherkassk: 1987) 47
190. D. Khachatryan, "Silver Bowls and Basins of Armenia in the Late Hellenistic Period," Ir Ant. 1989, vol. XXIV, 307f
191. See: N.V. Pyatysheva, Yuvelirnye izdelia Khersonesa (Jewelry from Chersonesus) (Moscow: 1956) GIM 18, 36 f., 79f
192. See Shilov, Aorsy (The Aorsies), 40 f
193. Cf. the point of view of M.B. Shchukin of the impact of the events in Central Asia on the movement of the Sarmatian tribes to the West in the mid 1st cent. A.D., reflected, in particular, in the proliferation of turquoise-gold animal style objects: M.B. Shchukin, "Sarmaty na zemlyakh k zapadu ot Dnepra i nekotorye sobytiya I v. v Tsentral'noi i vostochnoi Europe" (Sarmatians in the Territories West of the Dnieper and Some Events of the 1st cent. A.D. in Central and Eastern Europe), SA 1 (1989) 78f., fig. 3
194. About the movement of the population from Central Asia to the Lower Volga area see: A.S. Skripkin, "Aziatskaya Sarmatiya vo II-IV vv." (Asian Sarmatia in the 2nd/4th cent.), SA 2 (1982) 47f
195. idem Aziatskaya Sarmatia (Asian Sarmatia) (Saratov: 1990)
196. See the hypothesis about the infiltration of Hellenistic motifs into Bactria through Megarian bowls: K. Weitzmann, "Three Bactrian Silver Vessels with Illustration from Euripides," art. 13 (1943) v. 25, 289
197. cf. Ghirshman, op. cit. 277. Finds of Megarian bowls are known in Bactria
198. See, e.g., Guillaume, Rougeulle, op. cit. 14, No. 0180-203, pl. VIII, 1-3
199. The motifs used for the ornamentation of Megarian bowls are also reflected in stone carving here. See: Guillaume, Rougeulle, op. cit. 79, No. 1316, pl. 26, 19
200. About finds of plaster casts in Begram and Ai-Khanum see: Ch. Picard, "Oscilla de Plâtre Alexandrius au tresor de Begram," RA (1960) 120 suiv
201. P. Bernard, "Aux confins de l'Orient barbare. Ai Khanoum, ville coloniale grecque," in: Les dossiers de l'archeologie (1974) 113
202. Ghirshman, op. cit. 109, fig. 125a
203. See: B. Goldman, "Foreigners at Dura-Europos: Pictorial Graffiti and History," in: Le Museon: Revue d'études orientales. (1990) T. 103, 15ff
204. A.M. Khazanov, A.I. Shkurko, "Vozdeistvie antichnoi Kul'tury na iskusstvo i kul'turu skifosarmatskogo mira" (The Impact of Ancient Culture on Art and Culture of the Scutho-Sarmatian World), in: Antichnost'i antichnye traditsii (Antiquity and Ancient Traditions) (Moscow: 1978)
205. About the Sarmatian animal style see, e.g., M. Rostovtzeff, L'art greco-sarmate et l'art chinois de l'epoque des Han (Praha: 1934)
206. I.P. Zasetskaya, "Problemy sarmatskogo zverinogo stilya (istoriograficheskii obzor)" (Problems of the Sarmatian Animal Style (Historiographie Survey)), SA 3 (1984) 35f
207. See V.I. Kostenko, Sarmaty Samarsko-Orel'skovo mezhdurechya III v. do n.e.-IV v. n.e. (Sarmatians of the Samara-Orel area in the 3rd cent. B.C-4th cent. A.D.) (Dnepropetrovsk: 1986) 39, table 7, 23
208. K.F. Smirnov, Sarmaty i utverzhdenie ikh politicheskogo gospodstva v Skifii (Sarmatians and The Establishment of Their Political Supremacy in Scythia) (Moscow: 1984) 108, fig. 50,2
209. Dvornichenko, Fyodorov-Davydov, "Serebryanye falary" (Silver phalarae. . .)
210. I.V. Volkov, Yu.K. Guguev, "Late Sarmatian burial in Rostov-on Don"; Raev, Roman Imports 74, pl. 58, 1-2
211. "Shedevry drevnego iskusstva Kubani" (Masterpieces of Ancient Kuban' Art), in: The Catalogue of the Exhibition (Moscow: 1987) 151, fig. 75-76; 156 No. 225
212. About gifts of ceremonial sets to barbarian chiefs see, e.g.: S.Yu. Vnukov, S.A. Kovalenko, M.Yu. Treister, "Gipsovye slepki s poselniya Kara-Tobe" (Plaster-casts from the Settlement of Kara Tobe), VDI 2, 1990 116f
213. S.Yu. Vnukov, S.A. Kovalenko, M.Yu. Treister, "Moulages en plâtre de Kara-Tobe," RA (1990), fasc. 1, 47 suiv.-with the bibliography
214. See: M.I. Rostovtzeff, "Sarmatskie i skifskie drevnosti" (Sarmatian and Scythian Antiquities), in: Recueil d'études dediées à la mémoire de N.P. Kondakov (Prague: 1926) 250, 258
215. Harmatta, Studies on the History of the Sarmatians 35-9
216. Smirnov, op. cit., 85f
217. M.I. Rostovtzeff, "Amaga i Tirgatao" (Amaga and Tirgatao), ZOOID (1914) XXXII 5
218. S.Yu. Saprykin, Gerakleya Pontiiskaya i Khersones Tavricheskii (Heraclea Pontica and Tauric Chersonesus) (Moscow: 1986) 190f
219. L. Zgusta, Die Personnennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste (Prag: 1995) 171f., #261; 198f., 315
220. CIRB, 478, 479; 947A.1; 1260.20; 1262.18,19,27; 1264,2; 1282,13; 1285,13
221. IOSPE, 1/2. 39; 105,5; 175 3/4; 227
222. In the opinion th I.S. Klochkov the hynothesis that the inscription on the Kosika vessel mentions an Artevasdcs, not known before, is plausible, but cannot be proved
223. M.B. Shchukin, "Sarmaty na zemlyakh k zapadu ot Dnepra" (Sarmatians in the Territories West of the Dnieper. . .) 80
224. Yu.G. Vinogradov's point of view is in the main supported by V.M Zubar'. See: V.M. Zubar' "Ol'vya, Sarmaty i Rim vo vtoroi polovine I v. (Olbia, Sarmatians and Rome in the 2nd Half of the 1st cent.) VDI, 3, 1994, 218-22
225. P.O. Karyshkovsky, "O monetakh tsarya Farzoya" (About coins of King Pharzoios), in: Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomorya (Archeological Monuments of the North-western Black Sea Region) (Kiev: 1982) 76f
226. M.B. Shchukin, "Tsarstvo Farzoya. Epizod iz istorii Severnogo Prichernomorya" (The Reign of Pharzoios. An Episode from the History of the Northern Black Sea Region), in: GE 47 (1982) 35-8
227. P.O. Karyshkovsky, "Ol'vya i Rim v I v. n.e." (Olbia and Rome in the 1st cent. A.D.), in: Pamyatniki rimskogo i srednevekovogo vremeni v Severo-Zapadnom Prichernomorye (Monuments of the Roman and Medieval Period in the Northwestern Black Sea Area) (Kiev: 1982) 14f., table 1
228. P.O. Karyshkovsky, Monety Ol'vii (Coins from Olbia) (Kiev; 1988) 119