'Renaissance' and 'fossilization': Michelet, Burckhardt, and Huizinga

Renaissance Studies

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 354-366

  Tollebeek, Jo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 61049428590     PISSN: 02691213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1477-4658.00374     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. For a general summary of the different interpretations of the Renaissance, see the older works of H. Schulte Nordholt, Het beeld der Renaissance. Een historiografische Studie (Amsterdam, 1948)
2. W. K. Ferguson, The Renaissance in Historical Thought. Five Centuries of Interpretation (Cambridge, MA, 1948)
3. and H. Baeyens, Begrip en probleem van de Renaissance. Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van hun ontstaan en tot hun kunsthistorische omschrijving (Leuven, 1952)
4. For a recent overview of the debate on Middle Ages and Renaissance, see R. Starn, 'Who's afraid of the Renaissance?', in J. van Engen (ed.), The Past and Future of Medieval Studies (Notre Dame and London, 1994) 129-47
5. See J. Hale, England and the Italian Renaissance (London, 1954)
6. and H. Fraser, The Victorians and Renaissance Italy (Oxford and Cambridge, MA, 1992)
7. F. Haskell, History and its Images. Art and the Interpretation of the Past (New Haven and London, 1993), 274. The Musée de la Renaissance was created in 1824
8. See J. B. Bullen, The Myth of the Renaissance in Nineteenth-century Writing (Oxford, 1994), 156-82
9. J. Michelet, Histoire de France au seizième siècle: Renaissance, ed. R. Casanova (Paris, 1978), 51
10. J. Burckhardt, Der Cicerone. Eine Anleitung zum Genuss der Kunstwerke Italiens (Basle 1860), III, 793
11. For an English translation, see J. Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, trans. S. G. C. Middlemore, introduced by P. Burke and annotated by P. Murray (London, 1990)
12. for an introduction, see E. M. Janssen, Jacob Burckhardt und die Renaissance (Assen, 1970)
13. Among those testifying to the dominant position of Die Kultur in the study of the Renaissance are P. O. Kristeller, 'Changing views of the intellectual history of the Renaissance since Jacob Burckhardt', in T. Helton (ed.), The Renaissance. A Reconsideration of the Theories and Interpretations of the Age (Madison, 1961), 29
14. and D. Hay, 'Historians and the Renaissance during the last twenty-five years', in The Renaissance. Essays in Interpretation (London and New York, 1982), 1-2, 5-7
15. Michelet, Renaissance, 97
16. J. Michelet, Journal, vol. 1: 1828-1848, ed. P. Viallaneix (Paris, 1959), 340
17. F. Gilbert, History: Politics or Culture? Reflections on Ranke and Burckhardt (Princeton, 1990), 61, note 17
18. Burckhardt, Die Kultur, 205
19. The omnipresence of the Middle Ages in the book was emphasized by P. Ganz, 'Jacob Burckhardts Kultur der Renaissance in Italien: Handwerk und Methode', Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 62 (1988), 47-49
20. Cf. H. Baron, 'The limits of the notion of "Renaissance individualism": Burckhardt after a century', in idem, In search of Florentine Civic Humanism. Essays on the Transition from Medieval to Modern Thought (Princeton, 1988), II, 156-7
21. See J. Le Goff, 'Les Moyen Age de Michelet', in idem, Pour un autre Moyen Age. Temps, travail et culture en Occident: 18 essais (Paris, 1977), 19-45
22. Michelet, Cours, I, 328-9
23. The introduction was published separately under the title L'Agonie du Moyen Age, introduction Cl. Mettra (Brussels, 1990)
24. R. Barthes, Michelet par lui-même (Paris, 1954), 50-1
25. L. Febvre, Michelet et la Renaissance (Paris, 1992), 225-35
26. Cf. J. Tollebeek, 'Middeleeuwen en Renaissance. Over de aantrekkingskracht van het moderne', in H. Beliën and G. J. van Setten (ed.), Geschiedschrijving in de twintigste eeuw. Discussie zonder eind (Amsterdam, 1991), 41-54
27. and J. Tollebeek, 'De Middeleeuwen dromen. Huizinga, Herfsttij en de esthetiek van de geschiedenis', in idem, De ijkmeesters. Opstellen over de geschiedschrijving in Nederland en België (Amsterdam, 1994), 179-202
28. For a summary of these discussions, see Haskell, History and its Images, 431-95
29. and W. E. Krul, 'Realisme, Renaissance en nationalisme: cultuurhistorische opvattingen over de Oudnederlandse schilderkunst tussen 1860 en 1920', in B. Ridderbos and H. van Veen (ed.), 'Om iets te weten van de oude meesters'. De Vlaamse Primitieven - herontdekking, waardering en onderzoek (Nijmegen and Heerlen, 1995), 236-84
30. On this exhibition, see L. Deam, 'Flemish versus Netherlandish. A discourse of nationalism', Renaissance Quarterly, 51 (1998), 1-33
31. For the creation of The Autumn, see W. Krul, 'In the mirror of Van Eyck: Johan Huizinga's Autumn of the Middle Ages', The Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 27 (1997), 353-84
32. E. Peters and W. P. Simons, 'The new Huizinga and the old Middle Ages', Speculum, 74 (1999), 587-620
33. and the epilogue by A. van der Lem to the most recent Dutch edition: J. Huizinga, Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen. Studie over levens- en gedachtenvormen der veertiende en vijftiende eeuw in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden (s.l., 1997), 386-99
34. A recent English translation offers idem, The Autumn of the Middle Ages, trans. R. J. Payton and U. Mammitzsch (Chicago, 1996)
35. but see the criticism by W. Simons in Speculum, 72 (1997), 488-91
36. An older, abridged, and simplified translation was published by F. Hopman as The Waning of the Middle Ages (London, 1924)
37. J. Huizinga, 'Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen. Studie over levens- en gedachtenvormen der veertiende en vijftiende eeuw in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden', in: idem, Verzamelde werken (1949), III, 3
38. Huizinga, 'Herfsttij', 390
39. Cited in Chr. Strupp, Johan Huizinga. Geschichtswissenschaft als Kulturgeschichte (Göttingen, 2000), 144
40. See, for example, J. Tollebeek, 'A Burke marked by Tocqueville. Taine's periodization of French history', Storia della Storiografia, 34 (1998), 21-37
41. See the analysis in L. Gossman, Basel in the Age of Burckhardt. A Study in Unseasonable Ideas (Chicago and London, 2000), 264-82
42. and Ganz, 'Jacob Burckhardts Kultur der Renaissance', 48
43. W. Kaegi, Jacob Burckhardt. Eine Biographie (Basle, 1956), III, 648-50
44. F. Chabod, 'The concept of the Renaissance', in idem, Machiavelli & the Renaissance (London, 1958), 157
45. See P. Viallaneix, Michelet, les travaux et les jours 1798-1874 (Paris, 1998), 393
46. Michelet, Renaissance, 54, 251-3
47. Febvre, Michelet et la Renaissance, 175-9, 191, 197, 199
48. cf. Nietzsche's Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben (1874)
49. Both essays appeared in English translation in J. Huizinga, Men and Ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance. Essays, trans. J. S. Holmes and H. van Marle (New York, 1959
50. republished Princeton, 1984), 243-87, 288-309
51. Cf. J. Huizinga, 'Renaissance en realisme', in idem, Verzamelde werken (1949), IV, 276
52. For example, Huizinga, 'Herfsttij', 3, 40-1, 389-90
53. Huizinga, Briefwisseling, I, 310-11. Huizinga was to travel to Italy for the second time in 1902
54. For the relationship between Huizinga and Troeltsch, see Krul, 'Huizinga und das Problem', 13-14
55. Cf. Peters and Simons, 'The new Huizinga', 603-4
56. For Huizinga and the twelfth century, see L. Nauta, 'Huizinga's Lente der Middeleeuwen. De plaats van de twaalfde-eeuwse renaissance in zijn werk', Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 108 (1995), 3-23
57. Cf. Viallaneix, Michelet, 218-21, 223-4, 231-2, 235
58. Michelet, Journal, vol. 2: 1849-1860 (1962), 287
59. Cf. B. G. Smith, The Gender of History. Men, Women, and Historical Practice (Cambridge, MA and London, 1998), 86-101
60. See Viallaneix, Michelet, 379-95
61. For the Italian tour as a rebirth, see A. Mitzman, Michelet, Historian. Rebirth and Romanticism in Nineteenth-century France (New Haven and London, 1990), 261-76
62. cf. idem, Michelet ou la subversion du passé. Quatre leçons au Collège de France (Paris, 1999), 129-30
63. see Th. Scharten, Les voyages et séjours de Michelet en Italie. Amitiés italiennes (Paris, 1934)
64. The significance of religion and secularization for Burckhardt's historiography was recently emphasized by Th. A. Howard, Religion and the rise of historicism. W.M.L. de Wette, Jacob Burckhardt, and the Theological Origins of Nineteenth-century Historical Consciousness (Cambridge, 2000)
65. The Autumn was therefore characterized as 'a book of remembrance' (Krul, 'In the mirror', 370-1)
66. Cf. Ganz, Jacob Burckhardts Kultur der Renaissance', 49-50
67. See, for example, J. Wenzel, Jacob Burckhardt in der Krise seiner Zeit (Berlin, 1967)
68. W. Hardtwig, Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Alteuropa und moderner Welt. Jacob Burckhardt in seiner Zeit (Göttingen, 1974)
69. J. Fest, Wege zur Geschichte, Ueber Theodor Mommsen, Jacob Burckhardt und Golo Mann (Zurich, 1992), 71-111
70. and F. Jaeger, Bürgerliche Modernisierungskrise und historische Sinnbildung. Kulturgeschichte bei Droysen, Burckhardt und Max Weber (Göttingen, 1994)
71. See on this subject F. Gilbert, 'Jacob Burckhardt's student years', Journal of the History of Ideas, 47 (1986), 249-74
72. For Burckhardt as an 'aristocratic liberal', see A. S. Kalian, Aristocratic Liberalism. The Social and Political Thought of Jacob Burckhardt, John Stuart Mill, and Alexis de Tocqueville (New York and Oxford, 1992)
73. The significance of the trip to Italy in 1846 is stressed by Gossman, Basel, 223-6
74. Burckhardt, Briefe, (1961), IV, 23
75. Burckhardt, Die Kultur, 1, 76
76. Cf. W. Kerrigan and G. Braden, The Idea of the Renaissance (Baltimore and London, 1989), 27-35
77. H. R. Guggisberg, 'Burckhardt und Huizinga - Zwei Historiker in der Krise ihrer Zeit', in W. R. H. Koops, E. H. Kossmann, and G. van der Plaat (eds), Johan Huizinga 1872-1972. Papers Delivered to the Johan Huizinga Conference Groningen 11-15 December, 1972 (The Hague, 1973), 155-74
78. The literature on Huizinga as a cultural critic is extensive; see, for example, L. Hanssen, 'Versteende bloemen en vervloeiende grenzen. Huizinga en de cultuurkritiek', in idem, Huizinga en de troost van de geschiedenis. Verbeelding en rede (Amsterdam, 1996), 317-51
79. For Huizinga as an Indologist, see D. H. A. Kolff, 'Huizinga's proefschrift en de stemmingen van Tachtig', Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 104 (1989), 380-92
80. For an English translation, see J. Huizinga, America. A Dutch Historian's Vision from Afar and Near, trans. H. Rowen (New York, 1972), 1-225
81. On Huizinga and America, see M. Kammen, ' "This, here and soon." Johan Huizinga's esquisse of American culture', in J. W. Schulte Nordholt and R. P Swierenga (eds), A Bilateral Bicentennial. Two Hundred Years of Dutch-American Relations, 1782-1982 (Amsterdam and New York, 1982), 199-226
82. W. E. Krul, 'Moderne beschavingsgeschiedenis. Huizinga over Amerika', in idem, Historicus tegen de tijd. Opstellen over leven en werk van J. Huizinga (Groningen, 1990), 177-208
83. J. Huizinga, 'Mensch en menigte in Amerika. Vier essays over moderne beschavingsgeschiedenis', in idem, Verzamelde werken (1950), V, 334-5
84. Cited in A. van der Lem, Het Eeuwige verbeeld in een afgehaald bed. Huizinga en de Nederlandse beschaving (Amsterdam, 1997), 84-6
85. A. van der Lem, Johan Huizinga. Leven en werk in beeiden & documenten (Amsterdam, 1993), 154-5
86. J. Tollebeek, 'Het gevoelige punt van Europa. Huizinga, Pirenne en de plaats van het vaderland', in idem, De ekster en de kooi. Nieuwe opstellen over de geschiedschrijving (Amsterdam, 1996), 225-47
87. Cf. Kaegi, Burckhardt (1973), V, 639
88. Huizinga, 'Het probleem der Renaissance', 232