Europeanisation, globalisation and policy transfer in the European Union: The case of telecommunications

Convergence

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 52-79

  Humphreys, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 61049428238     PISSN: 13548565     EISSN: 17487382     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/135485650200800204     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. David Dolowitz and David Marsh, 'Learning From Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy Making', Governance, 13, no. 1 (2000), pp. 5-24, p. 5
2. Claudio Radaelli, 'Policy Transfer in the European Union: Institutional Isomorphism as a Source of Legitimacy', Governance, 13, no. 1 (2000), pp. 25-43
3. Elizabeth Bomberg and John Peterson, 'Policy Transfer and Europeanization: Passing the Heineken Test?', Queens Papers on Europeanization, no. 2 (2000), at http://www.qub.ac.uk/ies/(accessed in May 2001)
4. Helen Wallace, 'Europeanisation and Globalisation: Complimentary or Contradictory Trends?', New Political Economy, 5, no. 3 (2000), pp. 369-382
5. Simon Bulmer and Stephen Padgett, 'Policy Transfer in the European Union: An Institutionalist Perspective', Project Paper presented at European Community Studies Association Biennial Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 31 May-2 June 2001, pp. 1-40
6. David Dolowitz and David Marsh, 'Who Learns What From Whom? A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature', Political Studies, 44 (1996), pp. 343-357
7. David Dolwitz, 'Introduction', Governance, 13, no. 1 (2000) Special Issue on Policy Transfer, pp. 1-4, p. 1
8. David Dolowitz, Learning from America: Policy Transfer and the Development of the British Workfare State (Sussex: Sussex Academic Press, 1998)
9. Mark Evans and Jonathan Davies, 'Understanding Policy Transfer: A Multi-Level, Multi-Disciplinary Perspective', Public Administration, 77, no. 2 (1999), pp. 361-385, p. 362
10. Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge: CUP, 1996)
11. Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World. Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (London: Fontana, 1991)
12. Giandomenico Majone, Giandomenico Majone, 'From the Positive to the Regulatory State: Causes and Consequences of Changes in the Mode of Governance', Journal of Public Policy, 17, no. 2 (1997), pp. 139-167. Majone shows that the EU is an important agent for change to the regulatory state
13. Philip Cerny, 'Paradoxes of the Competition State: the Dynamics of Political Globalisation', Government and Opposition, 32, no. 2 (1997), pp. 251-274, p. 251
14. Kenneth Dyson and Peter Humphreys (1990), 'Introduction' in The Political Economy of Communications: International and European Dimensions, ed. K. Dyson and P. Humphreys (London and New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 1-32
15. Peter Humphreys and Seamus Simpson, 'European Telecommuncations and Globalisation', in Globalisation and Public Policy, ed. P. Gummett (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996), pp. 105-124
16. Leon Lindberg, John Campbell and J. Rogers Hollingsworth, 'Economic governance and the analysis of structural change in the American economy', in Governance of the American Economy, eds. Campbell, Rogers Hollingsworth and Lindberg (Cambridge: CUP, 1991), pp. 3-34, p. 4
17. Humphreys and Simpson, p. 115
18. Interview in the RegTP, Bonn, 27 March 2001. 'The USA pressured tremendously strongly for the liberalization of the German market. The pressure was enormous. It drove things on considerably.'
19. Dyson and Humphreys, esp. pp. 5-6
20. Maria Green Cowles, James Caporaso and Thomas Risse (eds), Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001), p. 3
21. Simon Bulmer and Martin Burch, 'The Europeanisation of central government: the UK and Germany in historical institutionalist perspective' in The Rules of Integration: Institutionalist Approaches to the Study of Europe, eds. Gerald Schneider and Mark Aspinwall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), pp. 73-96, p. 76
22. Vivien Schmidt, 'Convergent pressures, divergent responses. France, Great Britain, and Germany between globalization and Europeanization', in States and Sovereignty in the Global Economy, eds. David A. Smith, Dorothy J. Solinger and Steven C. Topik (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 172-192, p. 172
23. Volker Schneider, 'Institutional reform in telecommunications: the European Union in transnational policy diffusion', in Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change, eds. Maria Green Cowles, James Caporaso and Thomas Risse (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001), pp. 60-78
24. Cowles, Caporaso and Risse
25. Wallace, p. 371
26. Willem Hulsink, Privatisation and Liberalisation in European Telecommunications. Comparing Britain, the Netherlands and France (London and New York: Routledge, 1999)
27. Mark Thatcher, The Politics of Telecommunications. National Institutions, Convergence, and Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)
28. The actual term 'refraction' is from Niko Waesche, Global Opportunity and National Political Economy: The Development of Internet Ventures in Germany, unpublished PhD thesis, The London School of Economics, 2001
29. Susanne Schmidt, 'Commission Activism: Subsuming Telecommunications and Electricity Under European Competition Law', Journal of European Public Policy, 5, no. 1 (1998), pp. 169-184
30. Edgar Grande and Volker Schneider, 'Reformstrategien und staatliche Handlungskapazitäten: Eine vergleichende Analyse institutionellen Wandels in der Telekommunikation in Westeuropa', MPIFG Discussion Paper, no. 3 (1991)
31. Cologne: Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, subsequently published in Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 32, no. 3 (1991), pp. 452-478
32. Peter Humphreys, 'The Political Economy of Telecommunications in France: A Case-Study of "Telematics"', in The Political Economy of Communications. International and European Dimensions, eds. Kenneth Dyson and Peter Humphreys (London and New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 198-228
33. Peter Humphreys, 'The Politics of Regulatory Reform in German Telecommunications', in The Politics of German Regulation, ed. K. Dyson (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1992), pp. 105-135
34. Volker Schneider and Raymund Werle, 'International Regime or Corporate Actor? The European Community in Telecommunications Policy', in The Political Economy of Communications. International and European Dimensions, eds. Kenneth Dyson and Peter Humphreys (London and New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 77-106
35. Seamus Simpson, Restructuring European Telecommunications: The Efficacy of the European Community's Strategies, unpublished PhD thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1992
36. Wayne Sandholtz, 'Institutions and Collective Action. The New Telecommunications in Western Europe', World Politics, 45, no. 2 (1993), pp. 242-270
37. Wayne Sandholtz, 'The Emergence of a Supranational Telecommunications Regime' in European Integration and Supranational Governance, eds. W. Sandholtz and A. Stone Sweet (Oxford: OUP, 1998), pp. 134-163
38. Susanne Schmidt, Liberalisierung in Europa; Die Rolle der Europäischen Kommission (Frankfurt/New York: Campus, 1998)
39. Adrienne Héritier, Policy-Making and Diversity in Europe; Escape from Deadlock (Cambridge: Cambridge Univesity Press, 1999)
40. Mark Thatcher, 'The Commission and National Governments as partners: EC Regulatory Expansion in Telecommunications 1979-2000', Journal of European Public Policy, 8, no. 4 (2001), pp. 558-584. This is confirmed by an interview that the author conducted in the Commission in July 2000: 'We have been quite careful to use this legal instrument [Article 90] only once there was a political consensus'
41. Volker Schneider and Thierry Vedel, 'From High to Low Politics in Franco-German Relations: The Case of Telecommunications', in The Franco-German Relationship in the European Union, ed. Douglas Webber (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 75-92
42. Schmidt, 'Commission Activism'
43. Sandholtz, 'Institutions and Collective Action'
44. Sandholtz, 'The Emergence of a Supranational Telecommunications Regime'
45. A number of studies comparing the telecommunications with electricity sector come to the conclusion that the Commission's task was rendered much easier in the former by sectoral factors that made for an earlier and broader liberalisation consensus. See, for example, Ian Bartle, European Union Policy-Making and Globalisation: A Comparative Study of the Liberalisation of Telecommunications and Electricity, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999
46. Humphreys and Simpson, 'European Telecommuniations and Globalisation'
47. Interview in European Commission, 12 July 2000. Also see Thatcher, The Politics of Telecommunications, pp. 158-160
48. Josef Esser (ed), Europäische Telekommunikation im Zeitalter der Deregulierung: Infrastrucktur im Umbruch (Münster: Verlag Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997)
49. Schneider, 'Institutional reform in telecommunications'
50. Schneider and Vedel, 'From High to Low Politics in Franco-German Relations'
51. Bartle, European Union Policy-Making and Globalisation
52. Thus one interviewee in the Commission noted: 'We had a number of economic analyses ... looking at the evolution of markets with and without liberalisation and they showed that with monopoly it will grow like that [shallow curve] and without it's going to grow like that [steep curve]; and that has happened.' The interviewee went on to point to the demonstration effect of BT's becoming more, not less, successful in a liberalised market
53. Yves Mény, Pierre Muller and Jean-Louis Quermonne (eds), Adjusting to Europe. The Impact of the European Union on National Institutions and Policies (London and New York: Routledge, 1 996), p. 7
54. Steven Vogel, 'International Games With National Rules: How Regulation Shapes Competition in "Global Markets"', Journal of Public Policy, 17, no. 2 (1997), pp. 169-193. Vogel notes that states respond to new strategic realities in different ways. In reforming telecommunications, the British adopted a strategy of 'competition in liberalisation', but the Japanese adopted a strategy of 'regulatory subsidy' using regulation as 'a tool in protecting and promoting domestic firms'
55. Hulsink, Privatisation and Liberalisation in European Telecommunications
56. Giandomenico Majone, 'From the Positive to the Regulatory State, p. 139
57. Colin Bennett, 'Review Article: What is policy convergence and what causes it?', British Journal of Political Science, 21 (1991), pp. 215-233, p. 224
58. Also see Colin Bennett, 'Different processes, one result: the convergence of data protection policy in Europe and the United States', Governance, 1, no. 4 (1988), pp. 415- 41
59. and Colin Bennett, 'How states utilize foreign evidence', Journal of Public Policy, 11, no. 1 (1991), pp. 31-54
60. Peter Haas, 'Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination', International Organization, 46, no. 1 (1992), pp. 1-35, p. 3
61. Wolfgang Wessels, 'Comitology: fusion in action. Politico-administrative trends in the EU system', Journal of European Public Policy, 5, no. 2 (1998), pp. 209-34, p. 214
62. Interviews in the Commission: 11 July 2000 (x 2), 12 July 2000, 13 July 2000
63. interview in the RegTP, Bonn: 27 March 2001
64. interview in the ART, Paris: 23 May 2001
65. interviews in the PTS, Stockholm: 12 and 13 June 2001
66. interview in Oftel, London: 2 November 2001
67. Interview in the Commission, 11 July 2000
68. Commission of the European Communities, Fifth Report on the Implementation of the Telecommunications Regulatory Package, COM[1999]537 Final, Brussels, 10 November 1999
69. Interviews in the Commission, 11 July 2000 (x 2), 12 July 2000, 13:07:00
70. interview in the RegTP, Bonn, 27 March 2001
71. interviews in the PTS, Stockholm, 12 and 13 June 2001
72. interview in Oftel, London, 2 November 2001
73. Mark Thatcher, 'Delegation to Independent regulatory Agencies in Western Europe', ECPR Working Paper, Joint Sessions, University of Grenoble, 6-11 April 2001, pp. 1-21
74. Interview in the Commission, 12 July 2000
75. Interview in the RegTP, Bonn, 27 March 2001
76. interview in the Economics Ministry, Bonn, 28 March 2001
77. Sebastian Eyre and Nick Sitter, 'From PTT to NRA: Towards a New Regulatory Regime' in European Telecommunications Liberalisation, eds. Kjell A. Eliassen and Marit Sjovaag (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 55-73
78. Giandomenico Majone, 'The Credibility Crisis of Community Regulation', Journal of Common Market Studies, 38, no. 2 (2000), pp. 273-302, p. 277
79. See, for example, Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions; Sixth Report on the Implementation of the Telecommunications Regulatory Package, Brussels: COM (2000)
80. Interview in the Commission, 12 June 2000
81. Roy, 'Policy Transfer in the EU: Methodological Considerations', p. 5
82. Interview at the WIK, 29 March 2001
83. Interview in the Economics Ministry, Bonn, 28 March 2001
84. Roy, p. 6
85. Interview in the ART, Paris, 23 May 2001