Colonialism in equality: Hawaiian sovereignty and the question of U.S. civil rights

South Atlantic Quarterly

Volumn 107, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 635-650

  Kauanui, J Kehaulani ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60950615900     PISSN: 00382876     EISSN: 15278026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00382876-2008-010     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. Yen Le Espiritu, Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), xi.
2. In 1997, the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, which sets the race and ethnicity standards for all federal activities, revised its twenty-year-old race and ethnicity standards for data collection used for federal civil rights compliance, statistical reporting, and general program and grant administration. Hawaiians, among other Pacific Islanders, were removed from the Asian category and given a separate category. However, because very few federal agencies have modified their data collection records, the socioeconomic profiles for Pacific Islanders are extremely difficult to ascertain. The U.S. Census uses a high threshold figure for delineating the data, and Pacific Islanders rarely measure up to this number in terms of any given population count from place to place. See J. Kēhaulani Kauanui, "Asian American Studies and the 'Pacific Question,'" in Asian American Studies after Critical Mass, ed. Kent A. Ono (Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 2004), 123-43.
3. Koren Ishibashi, Hawaiian Population Update, PASE Report 03-04:12, July 2004 (Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Policy Analysis and System Evaluation), 10.
4. In 1986, Kānaka Maoli who were not racially mixed were said to number less than 3.8 percent of the Hawaiian population. Kekuni Blaisdell and Noreen Mokuau, "Indigenous Hawaiians," in Hawai'i: Return to Nationhood, ed. Ulla Hasager and Jonathan Friedman (Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 1994), 53.
5. David E. Wilkins, American Indians and the American Political System (Lanham, MD: Row-man and Littlefield, 2007).
6. Vine Deloria Jr. and David E. Wilkins, Tribes, Treaties, and Constructional Tribulations (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999), 25.
7. Office of Federal Acknowledgment, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Code of Federal Regulations, title 25, part 83, sec. 7, www.doi.gov/bia/ofa.html (accessed April 1, 2008).
8. See a series of articles by Gale Courey Toensing that all appeared in Indian Country Today: "Eastern Pequot Decision Approaches," August 29, 2005; "Schaghticoke Uncover Possible 'Smoking Fun,'" August 29, 2005;
9. "Schaghticoke and Eastern Pequot Decisions Reversed," October 13, 2005;
10. "Schaghticoke Files Appeal of Reversal," January 23, 2006;
11. "Gale Norton Told: Reverse Recognition or Be Fired," January 26, 2007, www.indian country.com/content.cfm?id-1096414403 (accessed May 2, 2008);
12. "Eastern Pequots Vote to Appoint 'Ambassadors' and Pursue Justice," March 12, 2007, www.indian country.com/content.cfm?id=1096414648 (accessed May 2, 2008);
13. "Lobbying Firm Subpoenaed to Release Documents in Schaghticoke Case," April 30, 2007, www.indian country.com/content.cfm?id=1096414946 (accessed May 2, 2008);
14. and "Schaghticoke Tribal Nation Seeks Restoration of Federal Acknowledgement," October 5, 2007, www .indiancountry.net/content.cfm?id= 1096415886 (accessed May 2, 2008).
15. Testimony of Kenneth F. Cooper, president. Town Action to Save Kent, before the United States Committee on Indian Affairs, May 11, 2005, www.senate.gov/∼scia/2005hrgs/ 051105hrg/cooper.pdf (accessed April 1, 2008).
16. Notably, Sol Kerzner, South African hotel and gambling developer, helped to develop and manage the Mohegan Sun Casino through a joint venture (Trading Cove Associates) with the tribal nation. Sol Kerzner profile, CNN, January 11, 2008, http://edition.cnn .com/2008/BUSINESS/01/08/sol.kerzner/index.html (accessed April 1, 2008).
17. Joanne Marie Barker, "Recognition," Indigenous Studies Today 1 (Fall 2005-Spring 2006): 133-62.
18. J. Kēhaulani Kauanui, "Precarious Positions: Native Hawaiians and Federal Recognition," Contemporary Pacific 17.1 (2005): 1-27.
19. Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Opposition to American Colonialism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004), 122.
20. Haunani-Kay Trask, From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawai'i (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1993), 68-87.
21. "Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples," UN resolution 1514 (XV), 947th plenary meeting, December 14, 1960, www.un.org/ documents/ga/res/15/ares15.htm (accessed March 6, 2008).
22. "Principles Which Should Guide Members in Determining Whether or Not an Obligation Exists to Transmit the Information Called for under Article 73e of the Charter," UN resolution 1541 (XV), 948th plenary meeting, December 15, 1960, www.un.org/documents/ ga/res/15/ares15.htm (accessed March 6, 2008).
23. Apology Resolution, Public Law 103-150, 103rd Cong., Ist sess. (November 23, 1993), 4.
24. J. Kēhaulani Kauanui, "The Politics of Hawaiian Blood and Sovereignty in Rice v. Caye-tano," in Sovereignty Matters: Locations of Contestation and Possibility in Indigenous Struggles for Self-Determination, ed. Joanne Barker (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 87-108.
25. Tracie Ku'uipo Cummings, "Hawaiian Issues," Contemporary Pacific 19.1 (2007): 222-33.
26. Kenneth R. Conklin, Hawaiian Apartheid: Racial Separatism and Ethnic Nationalism in the Aloha State (Montgomery, AL: E-Book Time, 2002).
27. For more information, see Aloha for All, www.aloha4all.org/home.aspx (accessed April 1, 2008).
28. For the seven principles of Aloha for All as delineated by Kenneth R. Conklin, see www .angelfire.com/hi2/hawaiiansovereignty/principles.html (accessed March 24, 2008).
29. Maivân Clech Lâm, "Making Room for Peoples at the United Nations: Thoughts Provoked by Indigenous Claims to Self-Determination," Cornell International Law Journal 25.3 (1992): 603-22.
30. See also Maivân Clech Lâm, At the Edge of the State: Indigenous Peoples and Self-Determination (Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2000).