The shadow of shadows

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Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 11-49

  Edwards, Brent Hayes ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 60950487693     PISSN: 10679847     EISSN: 15278271     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10679847-11-1-11     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Roger Baldwin, "The Capital of the Men without a Country," Survey, 1 August 1927, 460
2. Raymond Williams, The Politics of Modernism: Against the New Conformists (London: Verso, 1989), 44-45
3. J. S. Spiegler, "Aspects of Nationalist Thought among French-Speaking West Africans, 1921-1939" (Ph.D. diss., Oxford University, 1968), 22
4. See, for example, Tyler Stovall, Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996)
5. Michel Fabre, From Harlem to Paris: Black American Writers in France, 1840-1980 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991)
6. Fabre, "René Maran: The New Negro and Négritude," Phyton 36, no. 3 (September 1975): 340-351
7. Eileen Julien, "Terrains de Rencontre: Césaire, Fanon, and Wright on Culture and Decolonization," Yale French Studies, no. 98 (2000): 149-166
8. and Brent Hayes Edwards, The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, forthcoming 2003)
9. This argument follows my own "The Uses of Diaspora," Social Text, no. 66 (spring 2001): 45-73, esp. 64
10. The phrase itself is taken from Earl Lewis, "To Turn As on a Pivot: Writing African Americans into a History of Overlapping Diasporas," American Historical Review, no. 100 (June 1995): 765-787
11. Ranajit Guha, "On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India," in Selected Subaltern Studies, ed. Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 43
12. Edouard Glissant, Le discours antillais (Paris: Seuil, 1981), 30-32
13. Of course, Nehru was active in Paris during the 1920s, the period I will consider. Even the Subaltern Studies work on Gandhi seldom takes up questions of exile in considering radical nationalist intellectual formation. See Shahid Amin, "Gandhi As Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921-2," in Subaltern Studies, ed. Ranajit Guha (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984), 3:1-61
14. Partha Chatterjee, "Gandhi and the Critique of Civil Society," in Guha, Subaltern Studies, 153-195
15. William J. Duiker, Ho Chi Minh: A Life (New York: Hyperion, 2000), 56
16. When exiled black nationalist Robert Williams visited Hanoi in 1965, he and Ho Chi Minh "swapped Harlem stories." Ho told Williams that when he saw Garvey speak, he had been so inspired that "he 'emptied his pockets' into the collection plate." See Timothy B. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F Williams and the Roots of Black Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 295
17. Duiker, Ho Chi Minh, 50-51
18. On Bloncourt see Philippe Dewitte, Les mouvements nègres en France, 1919-1939 (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1985), 63
19. The description comes from Wilfred Burchett, North of the Seventeenth Parallel (Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1956)
20. quoted in Spiegler, "Aspects of Nationalist Thought," 33 n. 3
21. Spiegler, "Aspects of Nationalist Thought," 33
22. Jean Suret-Canale, "An Unrecognized Pioneer of Democratic and Nationalist Movements in Africa: Louis Hunkanrin, 1887-1964," in Essays on African History from the Slave Trade to Neocolonialism, trans. C. Hurst (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1981), 196-219
23. John Ballard, "The Porto Novo Incidents of 1923: Politics in the Colonial Era," Odu, no. 2 (July 1965): 52-75
24. Max Bloncourt and Camille Saint-Jacques, interviews with Spiegler (1964), qtd. in Spiegler, "Aspects of Nationalist Thought," 33
25. Burchett, North of the Seventeenth Parallel
26. Hoai Tranh et al., Souvenirs sur Ho Chi Minh (Hanoi: Editions en langues étrangers, 1962)
27. Dewitte, Les mouvements nègres en France, 127
28. Claude McKay,A Long Way from Home (1937; New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 278
29. Much of the biographical information is taken from Tiemoko Garan Kouyaté's obituary for Senghor, "La Ligue est en deuil: Son très dévoué président Senghor Lamine est mort," La race nègre, May 1928, 1
30. For more detail on Senghor's activities, see the sources cited above as well as J. Ayodele Langley, Pan-Africanism and Nationalism in West Africa, 1900-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973)
31. and Lamine Senghor: Vie et oeuvre (Dakar: Front Culturel Sénégalais, 1979)
32. Baldwin, "Capital of the Men without a Country," 466
33. Senghor also used the memorable concluding formulation during his speech before the congress. See "Au Congrès de Bruxelles du 10 au 15 Février 1927: Discours de Senghor," La voix des Nègres, March 1927, 2
34. On the Union Intercoloniale and the Comité d'Etudes Coloniales, see also Claude Liauzu, Aux origines des tiers-mondismes: Colonisés et anticolonialistes en France, 1919-1939 (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1982), 99-136
35. "Appel!" Le paria, 1 April 1922, 1
36. George Padmore, The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers (London: International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, 1931)
37. Claude McKay, The Negroes in America, trans, [from Russian] Robert Winter, ed. Alan McLeod (1923; Port Washington, N. Y.: Kennikat, 1979)
38. Nguyen Ai Quoc [Ho Chi Minh], Le procès de la colonisation française (Paris: Librairie du Travail, [1925])
39. translated in Bernard B. Fall, ed., Ho Chi Minh on Revolution: Selected Writings, 1920-1966 (New York: Praeger, 1967), 73
40. Comité d'Etudes Coloniales, "Project de Rapport" (document found in Nguyen's home), 20 November 1921, series 1, box 27, Archives Nationales Section d'Outre-Mer (hereafter ANSOM), Service de Liaison avec les Originaires des Territoires Françaises d'Outre-Mer (hereafter SLOTFOM), Aix-en-Provence, France. Qtd. in Gaspard, Ho Chi Minh à Paris, 147
41. Comité d'Etudes Coloniales, "Projet de résolution sur le communisme et les colonies," December 1921, series 3, box 3, ANSOM, SLOTFOM
42. Stieklov, "Le réveil d'une race," Izvestia, 16 November 1922, translated by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, available in series 3, box 84, ANSOM, SLOTFOM
43. On this issue, see also Jacob Moneta,Le Parti Communiste Français et la question coloniale, 1920-1963 (Paris: François Maspero, 1971)
44. Nguyen Ai Quoc, "Quelques reflexions sur la question coloniale," L'humanité, 25 May 1922
45. translated in Fall, Ho Chi Minh on Revolution, 25-27. I have modified Fall's translation for this essay
46. Interestingly, he would later say that it was Lenin's 1920 essay - which of course was heavily influenced by the brilliant Indian radical, M. N. Roy - that actually propelled him from a naive patriotism to the revolutionary Marxism of the third International. See Ho Chi Minh, "The Path Which Led Me to Leninism," L'echo du Vietnam, July 1960
47. See also Lenin, "Theses on the National and Colonial Questions," in The Communist International, 1919-1943: Documents, ed. Jane Degras (London: Frank Cass, 1956), 142
48. and the Indian Marxist M. N. Roy's debate with Lenin regarding the role of the national bourgeoisies, "Supplementary Theses on the National and Colonial Question," in The Selected Works of M. N. Roy, vol. 1: 1917-1922, ed. Sibnaraya Ray (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 174-178
49. Nguyen Ai Quoc, "Quelques reflexions sur la question coloniale."
50. Senghor received 965 votes in the first round, while the candidate who would go on to win (Calmels) received 1767 (out of an electoral pool of 4459). See "A travers les arrondisements et les quartiers," L'humanité, 28 April 1925
51. On the American Negro Worker's Congress, see Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist (Chicago: Liberator, 1978), 143-147. The only subsequent attempt at an intercolonial formation in Paris was the Rassemblement Colonial, which operated in the late 1930s (without any ties to the Communist Party); this group was a coalition spearheaded by the African Emile Faure, the Vietnamese Nguyen The Truyon, and the Algerian Messali Hadj, among others
52. See Spiegler, "Aspects of Nationalist Thought," 82
53. Edward W Said, "Third World Intellectuals and Metropolitan Culture," Raritan, no. 9 (winter 1990): 31
54. Comité d'Etudes Coloniales, "Aux indigènes des colonies," December 1922, "Union Intercoloniale" folder, series 3, box 3, ANSOM, SLOTFOM
55. Liauzu, Aux origines des tiers-mondismes, 113
56. Liauzu, Aux Origines des Tiers-mondismes, 43, 113-114
57. See "Home Rule pour l'Afrique," trans, [from the Manchester Guardian] Nguyen Ai Quoc, Le paria, January 1924, 1
58. "Tribune littéraire: La case de l'Oncle Tom," trans. Moneville, Le paria, September-October 1922, 2
59. See the unsigned "Marcus Garvey," Le paria, July 1923, 1
60. Nguyen Ai Quoc, "About Siki," Le paria, 1 December 1922
61. in Ho Chi Minh, Selected Works, vol. 1, Articles and Speeches, 1922-1926 (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1960), 32
62. Nguyen, "Uprising at Dahomey," La vie ouvrière, 3 March 1923, in Selected Works, 1:48-49
63. On the League against Imperialism, see Rolf Italiaander, Schwarze Haut im Roten Griff (Düsseldorf: Econ. Verlag, 1962), 21-52
64. Mustapha Haikal, "Willi Münzenberg et la ligue contre l'impérialisme et pour l'independence nationale," trans. Guillaume Dreyfus, in Willi Münzenberg, 1889-1940: Un homme contre (Aix-en-Provence: Bibliothèque Méjanes/L'Institut de l'Image, 1993), 119-128
65. Willi Münzenberg, "Pour une conférence coloniale," La correspondence internationale, 14 August 1926, 1011
66. Arthur Holitscher, "A Race Congress at Brussels," Living Age, 15 April 1927, 667-670
67. "The Colonial Congress and the Negro," Crisis, July 1927, 165-166
68. M. Dreyfus, "La Ligue contre l'impérialisme et l'oppression coloniale," Communisme 2 (1982): 49-71
69. Richard B. Moore, "Statement at the Congress of the League against Imperialism and for National Independence, Brussels, February 1927," in Richard B. Moore, Caribbean Militant in Harlem: Collected Writings, 1920- 1972, ed. W. Burghardt Turner and Joyce Moore Turner (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1988), 143-146
70. Lamine Senghor, "Au Congrès de Bruxelles du 10 au 15 février 1927: Condamnation de l'impérialisme et de la colonisation," La voix des Nègres, March 1927, 1
71. Translated as "Under the Dark Man's Burden: Glimpses of Racial Unrest," The Living Age, 15 May 1927, 866-868.1 have modified the original translation
72. Williams, Politics of Modernism, 45
73. Richard Wright, Black Boy (American Hunger), 1944, in Later Works, ed. Arnold Rampersad (New York: Library of America, 1991), 302
74. The second section of Wright's autobiography was abridged for its selection in the Book-of-the-Month Club. The section on the Communist Party was partially published as "I Tried to Be a Communist," Atlantic Monthly, August - September 1944
75. and reprinted in the infamous anthology The God That Failed in 1949. See The God That Failed: Six Studies in Communism, ed. R. H. S. Crossman (1949; New York: Harper, 1950)
76. "Babel à Moscou," L'illustration, 16 August 1924, 135
77. See also Nguyen Ai Quoc, "Report on the National and Colonial Questions at the Fifth Congress of the Communist International," in Fall, Ho Chi Minh on Revolution, 63-72
78. Ho Chi Minh: Ecrits (1920-1969) (Hanoi: Editions en langues étrangères, 1971), 11-13
79. The anecdote is also recounted in Jean Lacouture, Ho Chi Minh: A Political Biography, trans. Peter Wiles (New York: Random House, 1968), 27-32
80. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, "Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography," in In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (New York: Routledge, 1988), 202
81. RanajitGuha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India (Durham, N.C: Duke University Press, 1999), 333
82. Dipesh Chakrabarty, "Conditions for Knowledge of Working-Class Conditions: Employers, Governments, and the Jute Workers of Calcutta, 1890-1940," in Guha and Spivak, Selected Subaltern Studies, 179
83. J. Dion, catalogue overview, ANSOM, SLOTFOM
84. On the libel suit, see "Le procès fantôme," Les continents, 15 November-1 December 1924, 1
85. Spivak, "Subaltern Studies," 201
86. collected in Gaspard, Ho Chi Minh à Paris, 165-167. The letter is translated in Ho Chi Minh, Selected Works, 27, but I have modified that translation
87. Spivak, "Subaltern Studies," 207
88. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), 148
89. On Lamine Senghor's work, see Edwards, The Practice of Diaspora
90. For an overview of Nguyen Ai Quoc's publications, see Gaspard, Ho Chi Minh à Paris, 174-175
91. "Moeurs coloniales," Le journal du peuple, July 1922
92. "Le 'Vidartisme' continue," L'humanité, 20 July 1922, 4
93. "Civilisation assassiné," L'humanité, 20 July 1922, 5
94. and "Esclavage modern style," La voix ouvrière, October 1922
95. Nguyen, "Ménagerie," Le paria, 1 February 1923, 1
96. Nguyen Ai Quoc, "Paris (Extrait de Lettres à ma cousine)," L'humanité, 30 May 1922
97. Nguyen, "Paris (Extrait de Lettres à ma cousine)," L'humanité, 31 May 1922
98. Nguyen, "Le 'Vidartisme' continue." See also the unsigned "L'affaire Judas Nahon,"L'humanitéxxxxxx, 14 September 1922
99. Lamine Senghor, La violation d'un pays (Paris: Bureau d'Editions de Diffusion et de Publicité, 1927)
100. Christopher L. Miller, "Involution and Revolution: African Paris in the 1920s," in Nationalists and Nomads: Essays on Francophone African Literature and Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 28, 26
101. W. E. B. Du Bois, "Worlds of Color," Foreign Affairs 3, no. 3 (April 1925): 423-444
102. reprinted as "The Negro Mind Reaches Out," in The New Negro, ed. Alain Locke (1925; New York: Atheneum, 1968), 386