Rethinking Yugoslavia: Serbian intellectuals and the 'national question' in historical perspective

Contemporary European History

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 170-184

  Dragović Soso, Jasna ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 60950473811     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0960777304001638     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), 1
2. This was a new dilemma. At the turn of the twentieth century the ethnic composition of the Kingdom of Serbia was still 90 per cent Serb. See John Lampe, Yugoslavia as History. Twice there was a Country (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 47
3. For an elaboration of these arguments concerning the 'Memorandum' see Jasna Dragović-Soso, 'Saviours of the Nation'. Serbia's Intellectual Opposition and the Revival of Nationalism (London: Hurst, 2002), 177-95
4. 'Garašaninovo Načertanije', in Radoš Ljušić, Knjiga o Načertaniju (Belgrade: BIGZ, 1993), 158
5. The original text was drafted by the Moravian agent František Zach, working for Prince Adam Czartoryski's Polish émigré organisation seeking to curb Russian and Austrian influence in the region. For the changes Garašanin made to the text, see Charles Jelavich, 'Garašanins Načertanije und das großserbische Problem', Südostforschungen, 28 (1968), 131-47
6. Both texts can be found in Ljušić, Knjiga, 130-65
7. Garašanin's motives in making these changes have remained a matter of heated debate in (post-) Yugoslav historiography. Overviews can be found in Ljušić, Knjiga, 18-43
8. and Wolf Dietrich Behschnitt, Nationalismus bei Serben und Kroaten, 1830-1914 (Munich: Oldenburg, 1980), 267-70
9. See notably David MacKenzie, Ilija Garašanin: Balkan Bismarck (Boulder: Westview, 1985), 289-93
10. Ivo J. Lederer, 'Nationalism and the Yugoslavs', in Peter Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1971), 424-5
11. On the 'Piedmont idea' see David MacKenzie, 'Serbia as Piedmont and the Yugoslav Idea, 1804-1914', East European Quarterly, 28, 2 (1994), 153-82
12. Svetozar Marković, 'Srbija na istoku' (1872), quoted in Vasa Čubrilović, Istorija političke misli u Srbiji XIX veka (Belgrade: Prosveta, 1958), 302
13. Svetozar Marković, 'Socijalizam ili društveno pitanje' (1874), quoted in Behschnitt, Nationalismus, 107
14. For the Habsburg Serbs, see Dimitrije Djordjević, 'The Serbs as an Integrating and a Disintegrating Factor', Austrian History Yearbook, 3, 2 (1967), 48-82
15. For Serbian intellectuals, see Ljubinka Trgov̌cević, Naučnici Srbije i stvaranje Jugoslavije (Belgrade: Narodna knjiga/SKZ, 1986), 259
16. Trgovčević, Naučnici, 248-82
17. Miroslav Janićijević, Stvaralačka inteligencija medjuratne Jugoslavije (Belgrade: Institut za društvene nauke, 1984), 123
18. Andrew Wachtel, Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 82
19. and Branka Prpa, 'Jugoslavija kao moderna država u vidjenjima srpskih intelektualaca, 1918-1929', Ph.D. thesis, Belgrade University, 1996
20. Lampe, Yugoslavia as History, 165-8
21. I thank Dušan Djordjevich for indicating this point to me. For the range of reactions to the reorganisation of the state under the dictatorship, see Branko Petranović and Momčilo Zečević, Jugoslovenski federalizam: ideje i stvarnost. Tematska zbirka dokumenata, 1 (Belgrade: Prosveta, 1987), 317-423
22. For an analysis of this disillusionment, see Marko Bulatović, 'Struggling with Yugoslavism: Dilemmas of Interwar Serb Political Thought', in John Lampe and Mark Mazower, eds., Ideology and Identity: Southeastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (Budapest: CEU Press, 2003)
23. Stevan K. Pavlowitch, Serbia. The History behind the Name (London: Hurst, 2002), 132
24. Editorial, 23 Nov. 1939, in Jovičić, 'Jako srpstvo', 16
25. Slobodan Jovanović, 'Jugoslovenstvo u prošlosti i budućnosti', 7 Dec. 1939, in Jovičić, 'Jako srpstvo', 50
26. and Slobodan Jovanović, 'Jugoslovenstvo u prošlosti i budućnosti', 7 Dec. 1939, in Jovǐcić, 'Jako srpstvo', 103, 57-8 and 51 respectively
27. Djordje Dj. Stanković, Nikola Pǎsić, saveznici i stvaranje Jugoslavije, 2nd edn (Zaječar: Zadužbina Nikole Pašića, 1995), 139-71
28. Kosta St Pavlowitch, 'The First World War and the Unification of Yugoslavia', in Dejan Djokić, ed., Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea (London: Hurst, 2003), 41
29. Andrej Mitrović, 'The Yugoslav Question, the First World War and the Peace Conference, 1914-20', in Djokić, Yugoslavism, 50. Indeed, even Italy did not get all the territories promised by the Treaty of London
30. For the various Chetnik conceptions see Petranović and Zečević, Jugoslovenski federalizam, 821-5
31. 'Četnička koncepcija "homogene" Srbije i trijalističke Jugoslavije. Projekat Stevana Moljevića o granicama, društvenom uredjenju i spoljnoj politici "Velike Srbije" u obnovljenoj Jugoslaviji', in Petranović and Zečević, Jugoslovenski federalizam, 675-7 passim Jugoslovenski federalizam, 675-7 passim
32. Speech in Zagreb, 21 May 1945, quoted in Predrag J. Marković, 'Odnos Partije i Tita prema jugoslovenskom i nacionalnom identitetu', in Svetlana Ljuboja, Predrag Marković, Laslo Sekelj and Mirjana Vasović, Identitet: Srbi i/ili Jugosloveni (Belgrade: Institut za evropske studije, 2001), 38
33. See also Veljko Vujačić, 'Historical Legacies, Nationalist Mobilization and Political Outcomes in Russia and Serbia: A Weberian View', Theory and Society, 25 (1996), 763-801
34. On the application of 'socialist Yugoslavism' in culture, see Wachtel, Making a Nation, 128-72
35. On how this affected Serbs, see ch. 1 of Audrey Helfant Budding, 'Serb Intellectuals and the National Question, 1961-1991', Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, 1998
36. The classic works on Yugoslavia's internal transformation during this period are Dennison Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948-1974 (London: Hurst, 1977)
37. and Steven L. Burg, Conflict and Cohesion in Socialist Yugoslavia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983)
38. On the evolution of Yugoslavia's constitutive concept, see also ch. 1 of Dejan Jović, Jugoslavija: Država koja je odumrla (Zagreb: Prometej, 2003)
39. Ivan Vejvoda, 'Yugoslavia, 1945-91: From Decentralisation without Democracy to Dissolution', in David Dyker and Ivan Vejvoda, eds., Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Fragmentation, Despair and Rebirth (London: Longman, 1996), 15
40. See also Veljko Vujačić, 'Institutional Origins of Contemporary Serbian Nationalism', East European Constitutional Review, 5, 4 (1996), 51-61
41. and Tim Judah, The Serbs (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 313-15
42. and Burg, Conflict and Cohesion
43. on Croatia see also George Schöpflin, 'The Ideology of Croatian Nationalism', Survey, 19, 1 (1973), 123-46
44. and Jill Irvine, The Croat Question (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 258-72
45. and on Kosovo Lenard J. Cohen, Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milošević (Boulder: Westview, 2002), 61-71
46. See Dejan Jović, 'Fear of Being Minority as a Cause of the post-Yugoslav Wars', Balkanologie, 1-2 (2000), 21-37
47. On the post-Tito crisis, see Pedro Ramet, ed., Yugoslavia in the 1980s (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1985)
48. Harold Lydall, Yugoslavia in Crisis (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989)
49. and Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995), 52-7
50. Its political aspects are also well covered in Steven Burg, 'Elite Conflict in Post-Tito Yugoslavia', Soviet Studies, 38, 2 (1986), 170-93
51. For Serbian intellectuals' responses to the crisis, see Dragović-Soso, 'Saviours', and Audrey Helfant Budding, 'Systemic Crisis and National Mobilization: The Case of the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy', Cultures and Nations of Central and Eastern Europe: Essays in Honor of Roman Szporluk. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 22 (1998), 49-69
52. On the disintegration of Yugoslavism in the cultural sphere see also Jasna Dragović-Soso, 'Intellectuals and the Collapse of Yugoslavia: The Disintegration of the Yugoslav Writers'Union' in Djokić, Yugoslavism, 268-85
53. On the debates in the political elite, see notably Jovic', Jugoslavija, 310-27
54. See 'Proposal of the Presidency of the SFRY to Proceed to the Amendment of the Constitution of the SFRY', Yugoslav Survey, 28, 1 (1987), 3-20
55. Danas, 17 Feb. 1987, 10-11
56. See particularly 'Prispevki za slovenski nacionalni program', Nova revija, 6, 57 (1987)
57. The Slovenian position is examined in more detail in Dragović- Soso, 'Saviours', 189-95
58. and Jović, Jugoslavija, 429-42
59. 'Predlog slovenačkih pisaca: republički Ustav', Književne novine, 755 (1988), 17 (emphasis added)
60. 'Prilog javnoj raspravi o ustavu', Književne novine, 751 (1988), 1
61. 'Nationality' was the term used to designate those ethnic groups living in Yugoslavia who had another national state andwere therefore not entitled to their own republic within the Yugoslav federation. The two largest 'nationalities' were the Albanians (according to the 1981 census, 1,730,000 or 7.7 per cent of Yugoslavia's population) and the Hungarians (427,000 or 1.9%). Statistical Pocket-Book 1991, 20
62. Drašković's are elaborated in 'Šta menjati u ustavu', in Vuk Drašković, Koekude Srbijo (Belgrade: Nova Evropa, 1990, 75-6)
63. Dobrica Ćosić, Piščevi zapisi (1981-1991) (Belgrade: Filip Višnjić, 2002), 249. On Ćosić's vision of Yugoslavia's dissolution, see notably Audrey Budding's contribution to this issue