메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 761-780

Sartre's legacy in postcolonial theory; or, who's afraid of non-western historiography and cultural studies?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 60950438763     PISSN: 00286087     EISSN: 1080661X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/nlh.2004.0012     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (202)
  • 1
    • 0039367689 scopus 로고
    • Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonialist Discourse
    • ed. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (New York)
    • Chandra Talpade Mohanty, "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonialist Discourse," in Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader, ed. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (New York, 1994), p. 164
    • (1994) Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader , pp. 164
    • Talpade Mohanty, C.1
  • 8
  • 11
    • 80053833303 scopus 로고
    • Journal of Lieutenant Governor Winniett's Visit to the King of Ashantee
    • Desai cites page 235 of W. Winniett, "Journal of Lieutenant Governor Winniett's Visit to the King of Ashantee," in British Parliamentary Papers (1949), 230-236
    • (1949) British Parliamentary Papers , pp. 230-236
    • Winniett, W.1
  • 25
    • 60950686212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For wage labor, see Mandala, Work and Control, pp. 108-118; for cotton plantations, pp. 118-32; for soil erosion, pp. 191-237
    • Work and Control , pp. 108-118
    • Mandala1
  • 28
    • 60950647325 scopus 로고
    • Anti-colonial Protest in Africa: A Female Strategy
    • Susan Rogers, "Anti-colonial Protest in Africa: A Female Strategy," Heresies, 3 (1980), 222-25
    • (1980) Heresies , vol.3 , pp. 222-225
    • Rogers, S.1
  • 30
    • 0004019817 scopus 로고
    • tr. S. W. Allen (Paris)
    • See Jean-Paul Sartre, Black Orpheus, tr. S. W. Allen (Paris, 1976), hereafter cited in text as BO
    • (1976) Black Orpheus
    • Sartre, J.-P.1
  • 31
    • 70350186895 scopus 로고
    • Orphée noir
    • Paris
    • "Orphée noir," in Situations III (Paris, 1949), pp. 229-86; hereafter cited in text as ON
    • (1949) Situations III , pp. 229-286
  • 32
    • 84870088465 scopus 로고
    • Les damnés de la terre
    • Paris, 49-56, 167-93, respectively
    • "Le Colonialisme est un système," '"Portrait du colonisé' précédé du 'Portrait du colonisateur' par Albert Memmi," '"Les damnés de la terre,'" in Situations V: Colonialisme et néo-colonialisme (Paris, 1964), pp. 25-48, 49-56, 167-93, respectively. Sartre presents French colonialism in Algeria as paradigmatic of, or an ideal case of, the objectifying, dehumanizing processes emblematic of all human violence
    • (1964) Situations V: Colonialisme et Néo-colonialisme , pp. 25-48
    • Memmi, A.1
  • 36
    • 0043118754 scopus 로고
    • tr. David Pellauer (Chicago), 108-116, 141, 159-70
    • See Jean-Paul Sartre, Notebooks for an Ethics, tr. David Pellauer (Chicago, 1992), pp. 103-04, 108-116, 141, 159-70
    • (1992) Notebooks for An Ethics , pp. 103-104
    • Sartre, J.-P.1
  • 37
    • 84945743553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matérialisme et révolution
    • For Sartre's evolving Marxism, see "Matérialisme et révolution," in Situations III, pp. 135-225
    • Situations III , pp. 135-225
    • Sartre1
  • 38
    • 60950721475 scopus 로고
    • Les Communistes et la paix
    • Paris
    • "Les Communistes et la paix," in Situations VI (Paris, 1964), pp. 80-384
    • (1964) Situations VI , pp. 80-384
  • 39
    • 84870090647 scopus 로고
    • Réponse à Claude Lefort and Le Fantôme de Staline
    • Paris, 144-307
    • "Réponse à Claude Lefort" and Le Fantôme de Staline, in Situations VII (Paris, 1964), pp. 7-93, 144-307
    • (1964) Situations VII , pp. 7-93
  • 43
    • 0004038282 scopus 로고
    • (Berkeley), 117-38
    • Tony Judt has traced how this view, shared variously by Simone de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Emmanuel Mouuier, and others, generated numerous versions of framing ethical questions in terms of choosing between the "progressive" East and the "regressive" West. See Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956 (Berkeley, 1992), esp. pp. 26-98, 117-38; hereafter cited in text as FI
    • (1992) Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956 , pp. 26-98
    • Judt, T.1
  • 45
    • 0003022721 scopus 로고
    • Nietzsche, Genealogy, History
    • ed. Donald F. Bouchard, tr. Donald F. Bouchard and Sherry Simon (Ithaca)
    • Michel Foucault, "Nietzsche, Genealogy, History," in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, ed. Donald F. Bouchard, tr. Donald F. Bouchard and Sherry Simon (Ithaca, 1977), p. 150
    • (1977) Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews , pp. 150
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 47
    • 0004156841 scopus 로고
    • (Ithaca), 101-16, 134-36
    • For the middle Foucault's equation of modifications of the self with violence against the self, see John McGowau, Postmodernism and Its Critics (Ithaca, 1991), pp. 70-88, 101-16, 134-36; hereafter cited in text as PC
    • (1991) Postmodernism and Its Critics , pp. 70-88
    • McGowau, J.1
  • 50
    • 0008242553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt
    • tr. Jeanine Herman (New York)
    • Also see Julia Kristeva, The Sense and Non-Sense of Revolt, vol. 1, The Powers and Limits of Psychoanalysis, tr. Jeanine Herman (New York, 2000), pp. 160-66; hereafter cited in text as SNS
    • (2000) The Powers and Limits of Psychoanalysis , vol.1 , pp. 160-166
    • Kristeva, J.1
  • 58
  • 59
    • 84917308151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • Ato Sekyì-Otu notes that Sartre presents an account of intersubjectivity that forecloses any ontological basis for an ethics (Fanons Dialectic of Experience [Cambridge, 1996], pp. 61-72; hereafter cited in text as FDE)
    • (1996) Fanons Dialectic of Experience , pp. 61-72
  • 60
    • 0003383612 scopus 로고
    • "contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: Introduction," and "on the Jewish Question,"
    • ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York), 24-51
    • Also see Karl Marx, "Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: Introduction," and "On the Jewish Question," in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York, 1972), pp. 11-23, 24-51
    • (1972) The Marx-Engels Reader , pp. 11-23
    • Marx, K.1
  • 65
    • 0003881609 scopus 로고
    • Paris
    • Frantz Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (Paris, 1975), p. 6; hereafter cited in text as PN. The translations are mine
    • (1975) Peau Noire, Masques Blancs , pp. 6
    • Fanon, F.1
  • 67
    • 0003639991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Sartre's account of temporality and its relation to freedom in Being and Nothingness, pp. 159-211
    • Being and Nothingness , pp. 159-211
    • Sartre1
  • 71
    • 0003887824 scopus 로고
    • tr. Constance Farrington (New York)
    • Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, tr. Constance Farrington (New York, 1963), p. 35; hereafter cited in text as WE. I have modified the translation, indicated by parentheses, to adhere more closely to Fanon's French
    • (1963) The Wretched of the Earth , pp. 35
    • Fanon, F.1
  • 72
    • 84876273883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 559-619
    • For the Sartrean context of Fanon's account of self-constitution through decisive negation of the given, see Being and Nothingness, pp. 249-57, 559-619
    • Being and Nothingness , pp. 249-57
  • 73
    • 79954639986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arguing that Les Damnés de la terre is a narrative in the same sense that Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind is, Sekyi-Otu claims that such descriptions belong to an "immediate knowledge" that is modified by a "dialectic of experience" that reveals internal divisions within the colonized and the seeds of neocolonialistic dictatorship: "In place of a clean slate . . . , we now have a muddied picture of complicities and continuities forged by class interests between the dying colonialism and the emergent postcolonial order" (Fanon's Dialectic of Experience, p. 107)
    • Dialectic of Experience , pp. 107
    • Fanon1
  • 74
    • 84898177274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussions of the originality of Fanon's argument about the peasantry as the truly revolutionary class, see Sekyi-Otu, Fanon's Dialectic of Experience, pp. 101-56
    • Fanon's Dialectic of Experience , pp. 101-156
    • Sekyi-Otu1
  • 79
    • 0004291027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the French left's account of liberalism, see Judt, Past Imperfect, pp. 229-45
    • Past Imperfect , pp. 229-245
    • Judt1
  • 81
    • 60950550858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rescuing Fanon from the Critics
    • ed. Nigel C. Gibson (Amherst, N. Y.)
    • For Tony Martin, Marx's version of the French left's critique of liberalism, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, constitutes the cornerstone of Fanon's political thought. See Tony Martin, "Rescuing Fanon from the Critics," in Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue, ed. Nigel C. Gibson (Amherst, N. Y., 1999), pp. 83-102
    • (1999) Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue , pp. 83-102
    • Martin, T.1
  • 82
    • 80053856038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fanon as a Democratic Theorist
    • Given Fanon's relation to this tradition of leftist hostility to liberalism, his "overlooking] some of the details necessary to guarantee and sustain a participatory democratic process, for example: a democratic constitution, bill of rights, the rule of law, multiple parties, a free press, and voluntary associations" (Hussein M. Adam, "Fanon as a Democratic Theorist," in Rethinking Fanon, p. 135) is not an unfortunate oversight, but a logical consequence of the philosophical basis of his political thought
    • Rethinking Fanon , pp. 135
    • Adam, H.M.1
  • 83
    • 84874344350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Sartre's apprehensions that institutionalization will invariably tend toward repression and reversion into seriality, see Critique of Dialectical Reason, pp. 655-63
    • Critique of Dialectical Reason , pp. 655-663
  • 86
    • 80053856038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fanon as a Democratic Theorist
    • and Adam, "Fanon as a Democratic Theorist," in Rethinking Fanon, pp. 119-40; hereafter cited in text as FDT
    • Rethinking Fanon , pp. 119-140
    • Adam1
  • 88
    • 2042454111 scopus 로고
    • (Cambridge, Mass.), 640-52
    • also see François Furet and Mona Ozoud, ed., A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), esp. pp. 548-58, 640-52, for the relationship between revolutionary theory and French political semantics. Nigel C. Gibson observes that the intensity of discussions of Fanon within the English-speaking world in the last twenty-five years may be "contrasted with the relative lack of discussion of Fanon in French" (Introduction to Rethinking Fanon, p. 10). One likely reason for this contrast is that Fanon's French prose insistently reveals its conceptual affiliations with French philosophical-political traditions that, since the mid-1970s, have been perceived by most French intellectuals as outmoded and flawed
    • (1989) A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution , pp. 548-558
    • Furet, F.1    Ozoud, M.2
  • 89
    • 78751598629 scopus 로고
    • Qu'est-ce que la littérature?
    • [Paris]
    • Fanon's account owes much to Sartre's "Qu'est-ce la littérature?": "En un mot, la littérature est, par essence, la subjectivité d'une société en révolution permanente. Dans une pareille société elle dépasserait l'antinomie de la parole et de l'action. En aucun cas, certes, elle ne sera assimilable à un acte: il est faux que l'auteur agisse sur ses lecteurs, il fait seulement appel à leurs libertés et, pour que ses ouvrages aient quelque effet, il est nécessaire que le public les reprenne à son compte par une décision inconditionnée. Mais dans une collectivité qui se reprend sans cesse et se juge et se métamorphose, l'oeuvre écrite peut être une condition essentielle de l'action, c'est-à-dire le moment de la conscience réflexive" ("Qu'est-ce que la littérature?" in Jean-Paul Sartre, Situations, II [Paris, 1948], pp. 196-97; also see pp. 59-316)
    • (1948) Situations, II , pp. 196-197
    • Sartre, J.-P.1
  • 91
    • 84870132865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Portrait du colonisé
    • Sartre, "Portrait du colonisé" in Situations V, p. 55
    • Situations v , pp. 55
    • Sartre1
  • 94
  • 95
    • 80053822548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theory and DissemiNation: Time, Narrative, and the Margins of the Modern Nation
    • 139-70
    • "The Commitment to Theory" and "DissemiNation: Time, Narrative, and the Margins of the Modern Nation," (in The Location of Culture, pp. 19-39, 139-70), hinge upon appeal to Fanon's description of the site where the people dwell as one of "occult instability." In both cases (pp. 35, 152), Bhabha suppresses the phrases in Fanon's text that make clear that the "instability" in question is not a goal but the precondition for decisive and collective historical action moving toward ideal homogeneity
    • The Location of Culture , pp. 19-39
  • 98
    • 45949106582 scopus 로고
    • Wonders Taken for Signs: Homi Bhabha's Postcolonialism
    • Spring
    • Alex Callinicos, "Wonders Taken for Signs: Homi Bhabha's Postcolonialism," in Transformation, 1 (Spring 1995), 106
    • (1995) Transformation , vol.1 , pp. 106
    • Callinicos, A.1
  • 101
    • 0003395789 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • In Occidentalism: A Theory of Counter-Discourse in Post-Mao China (New York, 1995), Xiaomei Chen observes that Said's works "do not provide for even the possibility of an antiofficial discourse within 'Oriental' societies that employs an Occidentalism [a valorization of Western ideas] to combat the official cultural hegemony dominating a given non-Western culture" (9), even though, as Chen shows in the case of post-Maoist China, appeals of Western notions of rights and freedoms ground anti-official protests
    • (1995) Occidentalism: A Theory of Counter-Discourse in Post-Mao China
  • 107
  • 116
    • 0004129258 scopus 로고
    • tr. Alphonso Lingis (Pittsburgh)
    • Levinas's critique of the paradigm of war in the preface to Totalité et infini may be seen as a reply to the Critique of Dialectical Reason. See Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity : An Essay on Exteriority, tr. Alphonso Lingis (Pittsburgh, 1969), pp. 21-30; hereafter cited in text as TI
    • (1969) Totality and Infinity : An Essay on Exteriority , pp. 21-30
    • Levinas, E.1
  • 118
    • 34548473710 scopus 로고
    • The Other in Proust
    • ed. Seán Hand (Oxford)
    • Emmanuel Levinas, "The Other in Proust," in The Levinas Reader, ed. Seán Hand (Oxford, 1989), p. 163; hereafter cited in text as OP
    • (1989) The Levinas Reader , pp. 163
    • Levinas, E.1
  • 120
    • 0002323775 scopus 로고
    • A Dialogue with Emmanuel Levinas
    • ed. Richard A. Cohen (Albany)
    • Emmanuel Levinas and Richard Kearney, "A Dialogue with Emmanuel Levinas," in Face to Face with Levinas, ed. Richard A. Cohen (Albany, 1986), p. 29
    • (1986) Face to Face with Levinas , pp. 29
    • Levinas, E.1    Kearney, R.2
  • 121
    • 61249599182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He 'Sensible,' the Maternal, and the Ethical Beginnings of Feminist Islamic Discourse in Djebar's L'amour, la fantasia and Loin de Médine
    • See Donald R. Wehrs, "he 'Sensible,' the Maternal, and the Ethical Beginnings of Feminist Islamic Discourse in Djebar's L'amour, la fantasia and Loin de Médine," MLN, 118 (2003), 841-866
    • (2003) MLN , vol.118 , pp. 841-866
    • Wehrs, D.R.1
  • 122
    • 80053736999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginalized Communities, Poetic Transcendence, and the Guardianship of Literature in Desai's India and Wordsworth's Scotland
    • forthcoming
    • "Marginalized Communities, Poetic Transcendence, and the Guardianship of Literature in Desai's India and Wordsworth's Scotland," Ariel, forthcoming
    • Ariel
  • 126
    • 80053720589 scopus 로고
    • Gamara Laye's L'Enfant noir and the Mythical Verb
    • Bourgeacq, "Gamara Laye's L'Enfant noir and the Mythical Verb," The French Review, 63 (1990), 503-13
    • (1990) The French Review , vol.63 , pp. 503-513
    • Bourgeacq1
  • 128
    • 80053838880 scopus 로고
    • For readings stressing the relationship between a nostalgic portrait of his childhood and the affirmation of African values, see Sonia Lee, Camara Laye (Boston, 1984), pp. 14-31
    • (1984) Camara Laye Boston , pp. 14-31
    • Lee, S.1
  • 131
    • 85029970937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 159-60
    • Both Miller (Theories, pp. 132, 159-60)
    • Theories , pp. 132
    • Miller1
  • 132
    • 80053679143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Harrow (Thresholds, pp. 106-107) imply that the narrator would like to reproduce the pattern of his father's culturally homogeneous life, even as he exhibits a double-consciousness paradigmatic of the francophone novel (see Miller, pp. 175-80
    • Thresholds , pp. 106-107
    • Harrow1
  • 134
    • 0039122697 scopus 로고
    • Paris
    • Camara Laye, L Enfant noir (Paris, 1953), p. 68; hereafter cited in text as LEN
    • (1953) L Enfant Noir , pp. 68
    • Laye, C.1
  • 135
    • 24944517098 scopus 로고
    • tr. James Kirkup and Ernest Jones (New York)
    • Camara Laye, The Dark Child, tr. James Kirkup and Ernest Jones (New York, 1954), p. 65; hereafter cited in text as DC. I have modified the translation, indicated by parentheses, to adhere more closely to Camara Laye's French
    • (1954) The Dark Child , pp. 65
    • Laye, C.1
  • 136
    • 84873515543 scopus 로고
    • Bloomington
    • For the relationship between personal maturation and cultural paradigms of entering a wild space (the bush), and there engaging powerful, ambiguous, "outside" forces that need to be given civilized form to renew and sustain the community, see Patrick R. McNaughton's account of circumcision in The Alande Blacksmiths: Knowledge, Power, and Art in West Africa (Bloomington, 1988), pp. 66-71
    • (1988) The Alande Blacksmiths: Knowledge, Power, and Art in West Africa , pp. 66-71
    • McNaughton, P.R.1
  • 137
    • 84870085884 scopus 로고
    • Paris
    • also see Mande affiliations of numuw (blacksmiths) with magic and hunting (42-46; 71-72). In his version of the epic of Sundiata (the story of the founder of the Mali Empire), Camara Laye traces Sundiata's ancestry to two Mande hunters, Moké Moussa and Moké Dantouman, who venture into the bush where they confront and subdue the wild, anarchic power of the buffalo of Dô, and so take back to the Mande world the uncanny Dô princess, Sogolon (Le Maître de la Parole [Paris, 1978], pp. 36-68)
    • (1978) Le Maître de la Parole , pp. 36-68
    • Sogolon1
  • 138
    • 80053670938 scopus 로고
    • ed. Graham Furniss and Liz Gunner (Cambridge)
    • For the ability of nyamakalaw to exercise power or exact tribute from horonw, see Jean Derive, "The function of oral art in the regulation of social power in Dyula society," in Power, Marginality, and African Oral Literature, ed. Graham Furniss and Liz Gunner (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 125-27
    • (1995) Power, Marginality, and African Oral Literature , pp. 125-127
    • Derive, J.1
  • 140
    • 33750097292 scopus 로고
    • Nyamakalaya: Contradictions and Ambiguity in Mande Society
    • ed. David C. Conrad and Barbara E. Frank (Bloomington)
    • David C. Conrad and Barbara E. Frank note in "Nyamakalaya: Contradictions and Ambiguity in Mande Society" in Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande, ed. David C. Conrad and Barbara E. Frank (Bloomington, 1995), pp. 12-13
    • (1995) Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande , pp. 12-13
    • Conrad, D.C.1    Frank, B.E.2
  • 142
    • 80053753131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Semantics of Jugu: Blacksmiths, Lore, and 'Who's Bad' in Mande
    • Patrick R. McNaughton, "The Semantics of Jugu: Blacksmiths, Lore, and 'Who's Bad' in Mande," in Status and Identity in West Africa, p. 51
    • Status and Identity in West Africa , pp. 51
    • McNaughton, P.R.1
  • 144
    • 0007382753 scopus 로고
    • 2nd ed. (Albany)
    • Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Sufi Essays, 2nd ed. (Albany, 1991 ), p. 17. On Sufi ecumenicalism, see pp. 123-51
    • (1991) Sufi Essays , pp. 17
    • Nasr, S.H.1
  • 148
    • 0002876477 scopus 로고
    • Paris
    • Ferdinand Oyono, Une Vie de boy (Paris, 1956), p. 68; hereafter cited in text as VDB
    • (1956) Une Vie de Boy , pp. 68
    • Oyono, F.1
  • 149
    • 80051593683 scopus 로고
    • The Orphan in Cameroon Folklore and Fiction
    • Susan Domowitz, "The Orphan in Cameroon Folklore and Fiction," Research in African Literatures, 12 (1981), 353
    • (1981) Research in African Literatures , vol.12 , pp. 353
    • Domowitz, S.1
  • 150
    • 79953475911 scopus 로고
    • The Eye Motif and Narrative Strategy in Ferdinand Oyono's Une Vie de hoy
    • Also see Jacques Bourgeacq, "The Eye Motif and Narrative Strategy in Ferdinand Oyono's Une Vie de hoy," The French Review, 66 (1993), 788-97
    • (1993) The French Review , vol.66 , pp. 788-797
    • Bourgeacq, J.1
  • 151
    • 84870115336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Eye Motif and Narrative Süategy in Ferdinand Oyono's
    • Bourgeacq, "The Eye Motif and Narrative Süategy in Ferdinand Oyono's Une Vie de boy," p. 795
    • Une Vie de Boy , pp. 795
    • Bourgeacq1
  • 152
    • 84870129297 scopus 로고
    • Le Rite Sô: essai de synthèse ethnographique
    • also see Henri Ngoa, "Le Rite Sô: essai de synthèse ethnographique," Abbia, 29-30 (1975), 129-50
    • (1975) Abbia , vol.29-30 , pp. 129-150
    • Ngoa, H.1
  • 154
    • 84870139386 scopus 로고
    • Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence
    • Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence (The Hague, 1974), pp. 109-110; hereafter cited in text as AQ. Levinas's analysis and Oyono's description employ similar conceptual vocabularies: "Ce n'est pas parce que le prochain sera reconnu comme appartenant au môme genre que moi, qu'il me concerne. Il est précisément autre. La communauté avec lui commence dans mon obligation à son égard. Le prochain est frère. . . . Le prochain m'assigne avant que je ne le désigne - ce qui est une modalité non pas d'un savoir mais d'une obsession . . . , bien qu'elle bouleverse la conscience qui tend à l'assumer."
    • (1974) The Hague , pp. 109-110
  • 155
    • 0037879850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago
    • In Nationalists and Nomads: Essays on Francophone African Literature and. Culture (Chicago, 1998), Christopher L. Miller argues, "In the rhetoric of this question ['Le prochain du Blanc n'est-il que son congénère? '] (which seems to flow from Toundi's missionary education), Toundi implies that the exclusion of all but congeners is unthinkable; his naïve idealism is of course a device used by Oyono to highlight the injustice of colonial racism" (140). Miller ascribes Toundi's perception of the injustice of limiting "le prochain" to the "congénère" to an "imposed" colonialist education, but the shared stress of Oyono and Levinas upon an experience that "bouleverse la conscience" indicates that understanding "le prochain" to be "frére," whether "congénère" or not, is impressed upon us involuntarily, physiologically, in ways that supersede, and judge, the "impositions" of any given cultural "morality."
    • (1998) Nationalists and Nomads: Essays on Francophone African Literature And. Culture
  • 156
    • 84870136871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les Soleils des indépendances and Francophone Dialogue
    • See Christopher L. Miller, "Les Soleils des indépendances and Francophone Dialogue," in Theories of Africans, pp. 181-245
    • Theories of Africans , pp. 181-245
    • Miller, C.L.1
  • 157
    • 80053760023 scopus 로고
    • Independence Acquired? - Hope or Disillusionment?
    • Portsmouth, N.H
    • Mildred Mortimer, "Independence Acquired? - Hope or Disillusionment?" in Journeys Through the French African Novel (Portsmouth, N.H., 1990), pp. 106-19
    • (1990) Journeys Through the French African Novel , pp. 106-119
    • Mortimer, M.1
  • 158
    • 84870127170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carnavalisation et dialogisme dans Les Soleils des indépendances d'Ahmadou Kourouma
    • Adebayo Toyo, "Carnavalisation et dialogisme dans Les Soleils des indépendances d'Ahmadou Kourouma," Francofonia: Studie Ricerche Sulle Litterature di Lingua Francese, 1 6 (1996), 99-111
    • (1996) Francofonia: Studie Ricerche Sulle Litterature di Lingua Francese , vol.1 , Issue.6 , pp. 99-111
    • Toyo, A.1
  • 160
    • 84870151027 scopus 로고
    • Waiting and Disenchantment: Kourouma's les Soleils des indépendances and Oupoh's en attendant la liberté
    • Godwin Okebaram Uwah, "Waiting and Disenchantment: Kourouma's Les Soleils des indépendances and Oupoh's En attendant la liberté," African Focus, 3 (1987), 65-80
    • (1987) African Focus , vol.3 , pp. 65-80
    • Okebaram Uwah, G.1
  • 162
    • 84870074827 scopus 로고
    • Independence and Disillusion in les Soleils des indépendances: A New Approach
    • ed. David F. Dorsey, Phanuel Egejuru, and Stephen H. Arnold (Washington, D. C.)
    • Frederic Michelman, "Independence and Disillusion in Les Soleils des indépendances: A New Approach," in Design and Intent in African Literature, ed. David F. Dorsey, Phanuel Egejuru, and Stephen H. Arnold (Washington, D. C., 1982), pp. 91-95
    • (1982) Design and Intent in African Literature , pp. 91-95
    • Michelman, F.1
  • 163
    • 84870096169 scopus 로고
    • Narrative Voice in Kourouma's les Soleils des indépendances
    • Rosemary Schikora, "Narrative Voice in Kourouma's Les Soleils des indépendances," The French Review, 55 (1982), 811-17
    • (1982) The French Review , vol.55 , pp. 811-817
    • Schikora, R.1
  • 164
    • 84870083973 scopus 로고
    • L'Utilisation de la parole orale traditionnelle dans Les Soleils des indépendances d'Ahmadou Kourouma
    • Jean Derive, "L'Utilisation de la parole orale traditionnelle dans Les Soleils des indépendances d'Ahmadou Kourouma," L Afrique Littéraire, 54-55 (1979-80), 103-10
    • (1979) L Afrique Littéraire , vol.54-55 , pp. 103-110
    • Derive, J.1
  • 165
    • 84870145529 scopus 로고
    • Tradition and Social Criticism in Ahmadou Kourouma's les Soleils des indépendances
    • ed. Kolawol Ogungbesan (London)
    • Kwaben Britwum, "Tradition and Social Criticism in Ahmadou Kourouma's Les Soleils des indépendances," in New West African Literature, ed. Kolawol Ogungbesan (London, 1979), pp. 80-90
    • (1979) New West African Literature , pp. 80-90
    • Britwum, K.1
  • 167
    • 80053677511 scopus 로고
    • tr. Adrian Adams (New York)
    • hereafter cited in text as LSI; Ahmadou Kourouma, The Suns of Independence, tr. Adrian Adams (New York, 1981), p. 12; hereafter cited in text as TSI
    • (1981) The Suns of Independence , pp. 12
    • Kourouma, A.1
  • 168
    • 80053665853 scopus 로고
    • Black Stomachs, Beautiful Stones
    • ed. Jean Comaroff and John Comaroff (Chicago)
    • Pamela Schmoll, "Black Stomachs, Beautiful Stones," in Modernity and. Its Malcontents, ed. Jean Comaroff and John Comaroff (Chicago, 1993), p. 214
    • (1993) Modernity And. Its Malcontents , pp. 214
    • Schmoll, P.1
  • 170
    • 80053693925 scopus 로고
    • Domestic Capitalists and the State of Kenya
    • ed. Bruce J. Berman and Colin T. Leys (Boulder)
    • David Himbara, "Domestic Capitalists and the State of Kenya," in African Capitalists in African Development, ed. Bruce J. Berman and Colin T. Leys (Boulder, 1994), pp. 80-82
    • (1994) African Capitalists in African Development , pp. 80-82
    • Himbara, D.1
  • 173
    • 80053757936 scopus 로고
    • Berkeley
    • A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: Volume One: Power, Property, and the State (Berkeley, 1981), especially pp. 156-229. In the absence of state-supported infrastructure, capitalism only succeeds in large-scale extractive forms (such as foreign mining operations in Guinea and Zaïre) or in small-scale, "informal sector" activities
    • (1981) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: One: Power, Property, and the State , pp. 156-229
  • 175
    • 80053844581 scopus 로고
    • Missed Opportunity for Adjustment in a Rent-Seeking Society: The Case of Zaire
    • ed. David E. Sahn (Ithaca); 96-97, 100, 124-25
    • and wa Bilenga Tshishimbi with the collaboration of Peter Click and Erik Thorbecke, "Missed Opportunity for Adjustment in a Rent-Seeking Society: The Case of Zaire," in Adjusting to Policy Failure in African Economies, ed. David E. Sahn (Ithaca, 1994), pp. 61-63; 96-97, 100, 124-25
    • (1994) Adjusting to Policy Failure in African Economies , pp. 61-63
    • Click, P.1    Thorbecke, E.2
  • 187
    • 80053757935 scopus 로고
    • Learning from the Kenya Debate
    • ed. David A. Apter and Carl G. Rosberg (Charlottesville)
    • Colin Leys, "Learning from the Kenya Debate," in The New Realism in Africa, ed. David A. Apter and Carl G. Rosberg (Charlottesville, 1993)
    • (1993) The New Realism in Africa
    • Leys, C.1
  • 197
    • 0345239445 scopus 로고
    • The Practices of a Liberal Political Economy: Import and Export Substitution in Cameroon
    • ed. Michael G. Schatzberg and I. William Zartman New York
    • Jean-Claude Willame, "The Practices of a Liberal Political Economy: Import and Export Substitution in Cameroon (1975-1981)," in The Political Economy of Cameroon, ed. Michael G. Schatzberg and I. William Zartman (New York, 1986), pp. 111-132
    • (1986) The Political Economy of Cameroon , pp. 111-132
    • Willame, J.-C.1
  • 202
    • 80053771690 scopus 로고
    • Africa's Long March
    • July-August
    • Ahmadou Kourouma, "Africa's Long March," UNESCO Courier (July-August 1992), 35
    • (1992) UNESCO Courier , pp. 35
    • Kourouma, A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.