Ruling without mercy: Seventeenth-century Russian bishops and their officials

Kritika

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 515-542

  Michels, Georg B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 60950369618     PISSN: 1531023X     EISSN: 15385000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/kri.2003.0044     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Viktor Ivanovich Buganov, Moskovskoe vosstanie 1662 goda (Moscow: Nauka, 1964)
2. Hans-Joachim Torke, Die staatsbedingte Gesellschafi im Moskauer Reich: Zar und Zemlja in der altrussischen Herrschafisverfassung 1613-1689 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), esp. 216-68. 2 Aleksandr Matveevich Kantor, Dukhovnyi mir russkogo gorozhanina: Vtoraia polovina XVII veka. Ocherki (Moscow: RGGU, 1999), 77-82, esp. 77-78
3. For similar examples, see Lukin, Narodnye predstavleniia, 62-73, 96-97
4. Novosel'skii and Ustiugov, Ocherki, 224-63, esp. 226-27, 232-33, 241-42, 254-55
5. and Christoph Schmidt, Sozialkontrolle in Moskau: Justiz, Kriminalität und Ltibcigenschaft 1649-1785 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1996), esp. 72-73
6. Mikhail Nikolaevich Tikhomirov, Klassovaia bor'ba v Rossii XVII v. (Moscow: Nauka, 1969), 340-43, 345-50
7. "Konchina Iosifa, mitropolita Astrakhan'skogo iTerskogo," Pravoslavnyi sobesednik, 1865, pt. 3, 124-39, esp. 133
8. Cathy J. Potter, "The Russian Church and the Politics of Reform in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century" (Ph.D. dissertation,'Yale University, 1993), 1: 4-14, esp. 4
9. Paul Bush-kovitch, Religion and Society in Russia: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 150-75, esp. 159
10. Samuel H. Baron and Nancy Shields Kollmann, eds., Religion and Culture in Early Modern Russia and Ukraine (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997), 4. Cathy Potter has also studied the acts (deianiia) of the 1666/67 and 1681/82 church councils
11. Potter, "The Russian Church," 1: 200-23, 2: 334-45
12. Igor Smolitsch, Geschichte der Russischen Kirche 1700-1917 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964), 1: 389-427, esp. 406-9
13. For another exception, see Gregory J. Bruess, Religion, Identity and Empire: A Greek Archbishop in the Russia of Catherine the Great (Boulder, CO and New York: Columbia University Press, 1997)
14. and Aleksandr Nikitenko, Up from Serfdom: My Childhood and Youth in Russia 1804-1824, ed. and trans. Helen Saltz Jacobson and Peter Kolchin (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001), 91-92, 112-13, esp. 112 ("... such was the unbridled and arbitrary power that an archbishop could wield with impunity")
15. N. N. Ogloblin, "Delo o samovornom priezde v Moskvu Tobol'skogo arkhiepiskopa Simeona v 1661 godu: Ocherk iz zhizni XVII veka," Russkaia starina 80: 10 (1893), 162-84, esp. 164, 182-84
16. "Okruzhnoe poslanie Rostovskogo mitropolita Iona pri vstuplenii ego v pastvu," Akty istoricheskie, sobrannye i izdannye Arkheograficheskoiu kommissieiu (St. Petersburg: Tip. Ekspeditsii zagotovleniia gosud. bumag, 1841-42), 4: 172-77, esp. 172
17. Cf. Valerie A. Kivelson, Autocracy in the Provinces: The Muscovite Gentry and Political Culture in the Seventeenth Century (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 13
18. and Nancy Shields Kollmann, By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1999), 187, 249
19. and Pavel F. Nikolaevskii, Patriarshaia oblast'i russkie eparkhii v XVII veke (St. Petersburg: Tip. F. Eleonskogo, 1888), 40
20. Cf. Boris Nikolaevich Floria, "Gosudarstvennaia vlast' i formirovanie dukhovnogo sosloviia v srednevekovoi Rossii," in Sosloviia i gosudarstvennaia vlast' v Rossii: XV-seredina XIX vv. Mezhdunarodnaia konferentsiia. Tezisy dokladov, ed. Natalia Aleksandrovna Gorskaia and N. V. Karlov (Moscow: MFTI, 1994), 2: 158-64
21. Klaus Appel, Die Austinandersetzung um die kirchliche Gerichtsbarkeit im Moskauer Russland 1649-1701 (Berlin: E. Reuter, 1966), 33-44, 66-74
22. On growing tensions between patriarch and bishops over land and tax revenues, see Vinogradskii, Tserkovnyi sobor v Moskve 1682 goda, 67-72
23. and Nikolaevskii, Patriarshaia ablast', 9-22
24. For Patriarch Ioakim's frustrated initiatives to double and triple the number of Russian bishoprics and his efforts to subordin ate bishops to administrative controls, see Vinogradskii, Tserkovnyi sobor v Moskve 1682 goda, 9, 52-54, 63-66
25. For an analysis of this ritual, see Michael S. Flier, "Court Ceremony in an Age of Reform: Patriarch Nikon and the Palm Sunday Ritual," in Religion and Culture, ed. Baron and Kollmann, 73-95
26. and Vadim Aleksandrovich Aleksandrov and Nikolai Nikolaevich Pokrovskii, Vlast' i obshchestvo: Sibir' v XVII v. (Novosibirsk: Nauka, Sibirskoe otdelenie, 1991), 106, 188-89
27. Most records about episcopal administration are no longer found in patriarchal and diocesan depositories since Kremlin archivists added them to the holdings of secular bureaux such as the Armory, the Service Office (Razriadnyi prikaz), the Tsar's Secret Chancellery (Tainyi prikaz), and the College of Economics in the course of the 18th century. I have limited my search to the holdings of the Service Office and the Tsar's Secret Chancellery. Cf. G. M. Naster, "Kratkii obzor dokumental'nykh materialov XVII-XVIII vv. iz byvshego arkhiva Sinoda," Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik (1959), 303-10
28. Konstantin Iakovlevich Zdravomyslov, Arkhiv i bihlioteka Sviateishogo Sinoda i konsistorskic arkhivy (St. Petersburg: Sinodal'naia tip., 1906), 12-13, 20, 42-61
29. Even the rulers of new bishoprics created during the second half of the 17th century quickly accumulated large latifundia that put their number of peasant households well above those owned by most well-to-do boyar families. Cf. Ivan M. Pokrovskii, Russkie eparkhii v XVI-XIX vv.: Ikh otkrytie, sostav i predely (Kazan': Tipo-Iitografiia Imp. universiteta, 1897-1913), 1: 275-78, 301-13
30. Iaroslav E. Vodarskii, "Tserkovnye organizatsii i ikh krepostnye kresiane vo vtoroi polovine XVII-nachale XVIII veka," in Istoricheskaia gtografiia Rossii XII-nachala XX veka: Sbornik statei k 70-letiiu prof. L. G. Beskrovnogo, ed. Aleksei Leont'evich Narochnitskii (Moscow: Nauka, 1975), 70-96, esp. 78
31. and Aleksei A. Novosel'skii, Votchinnik i ego khoziaistvo v XVII veke (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1929), 160-61
32. Suvorov, Opisanie svitkov, 11: 62-63
33. Gerasim Nikitnikov, Ierarkhiia Viatskoi eparkhii (Viatka, 1863), 112-26, esp. 117, 124-25. This revolt against Archbishop Iona occurred during the year 1679 and followed a similar revolt against Bishop Aleksandr during the late 1660s
34. and Marian Aleksandrovich Lipinskii, Opisanie sobraniia dokumentov prinadlezhashchikhsia Rostovskomu tnuzeiu tserkovnykh drevnostei (Iaroslavl', 1886), nos. 29, 46-47, 59, 61-62, 67
35. Nikitnikov, Ierarkhiia Viatskoi eparkhii, 118
36. GIM, Sinodal'noe sobranie svitkov, nos. 1074, 1076
37. "Akty XVII veka o shegovarskom prikhode shenkurskogo uezda," Chteniia, 1879, bk. 1, sines', 1-10, esp. 6
38. "Chelobit'e zakaznogo starosty d'iakona Artem'ia s zhaloboi na krest'ian ustiuzhskogo uezda," Chteniia, 1907, bk. 1, smes', 31-33
39. Akty kholmogorskoi i ustiuzhskoi eparkhii, pts. 1-3 (St. Petersburg: Izdatel'stvo Imperatorskoi Arkheograficheskoi kommissii, 1890-1908), 1: 830-31
40. "Chelobitnaia ustiuzhskikh zemskikh liudei patriarkhu Adrianu na arkhiepiskopa Veliko-Ustiuzhskogo Aleksandra," Russkaia starina, 68: 11 (1890), 438-42, esp. 440
41. A similar impoverishment of peasants can be observed in the Vologda eparchy, in Suvorov, Opisanie svitkov, 10: 44 and 96; 12, 78
42. "Chelobitnaia ustiuzhskikh zemskikh liudei," 439, 441-42
43. Akty kholmogorskoi i ustiuzhskoi eparkhii, I: 93SM7, 955-57, 1023-25
44. Cf. Tat'iana A. Starostina, "Mirskaia chelobitnaia zaonezhskikh pogostov 1677," Voprosy istorii, no. 1 (1961), 107-27, esp. 113-15, 125
45. "Tsarskie gramoty Novgorodskomu mitropolitu Korniliiu i olonetskim voevodam ... ob zavladenii pomorskimi raskol'nikami Paleostrovskim monastyrem," Akty istoricheskie, 5: 253-62
46. For a good summary of these tensions, see Tat'iana V. Starostina, "Volneniia krest'ian Tolvuiskogo pogosta v XVII v. (do kontsa 60-kh gg.)," Voprosy istorii, no. 1 (1961), 128-45, esp. 142-43
47. See also Michels, "The Violent Old Belief: An Examination of Religious Dissent on the Karelian Frontier," Russian History/Histoire Russe 19: \-A (1992), 203-29, esp. 214-15
48. Cf. Michels, At War with the Church, 188-89
49. "Akty, otnosiashchiesia k raskolu v Sibiri," Dopolneniia k aktam istoricheskim, 8: 214-26, esp. 216-17
50. Dmitrii Ivanovich Sapozhnikov, Samosozhzhenic v russkom raskok (so vtoroi poloviny XVII vcka do kontsa XVIII.): Istorichcskii ocherk po arkhivnym dokumentam (Moscow: Universitetskaia tip., 1891), 9-11
51. On Archbishop Afanasii's leniency toward non-Russian natives and his confessionalization policies, see Michels, "Rescuing the Orthodox: The Church Policies of Archbishop Afanasii of Kholmogory, 1682-1702," in Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia, ed. Robert P. Geraci and Michael Khodarkovsky (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2001), 19-37
52. Cf. Andrei Aleksandrovich Titov, Suzdal'skaia ierarkhiia, vol. 4 of Materialy dlia istorii russkoi tserkvi (Moscow: Tip. A. I. Snegirevoi, 1892), 86-91
53. Vasilii Timofeevich Georgievskii, Florishcheva pustyn': Istoriko-arkheologicheskoe opisanie (Viazniki, 1896), passim
54. GIM, Sinodal'noe sobranie svitkov, d. 1309, Il. 3-82
55. One interesting suggestion is that by focusing bishops' priorities on a specific reform agenda, these church councils also served to regulate the bishops' behavior. I am grateful to one of the reviewers of this article for pointing out this possibility. But if disciplining the bishops was one of the councils' goals, the results indicate small success indeed. Unlike many Catholic bishops in the aftermath of the Council of Trent, most Russian bishops were not "transformed from feudator[ies] to pastor[s]" (John W. O'Malley, "Catholic Reform," in Reformation Europe: A Guide to Research, ed. Stephen Ozment [St. Louis: Center for Reformation Research, 1982], 297-319, esp. 297)
56. and Vinogradskii, Tserkovnyi sobor, 64-73
57. "Letopisanie izvestiia i dokumenty novgorodskogo Derevianitskogo Voskresenskogo monastyria (1335-1839)," Vestnik arkheologii i istorii 21 (1911), otd. II, 1-162, esp. 100-7
58. Tikhon Vozdvizhenskii, Istoricheskoe obozrtnie Riazanskoi ierarkhii i vsekh tserkovnykh del scia eparkhii (Moscow, 1820), 89, 94
59. V. K. Nikol'skii, "Sibirskaia ssylka protopopa Awakuma," Uchenye zapiski (Institut istorii), no. 2 (1927), 137-67, esp. 155
60. Akty kholmogorskoi i ustiuzfiskoi eparkhii, 2: 518-20
61. Pokrovskii, Russkie eparkhii, 522
62. Akty kholmogorskoi i ustiuzhskoi eparkhii, 1: 948-54
63. Amfian S. Lebedev, Belgorodskie arkhierei i sreda ikh arkhipastyrskoi deiatel'nosti (po arkhivnym dokumentam) (Khar'kov: Tip. "Pechatnoe Delo" kn. K. N. Gagarina, 1902), 15-16
64. Similar cases can be found in the records of other bishoprics: boyar's children (deti boiarskie) in the service of Metropolitan Makarii of Novgorod (1652-62) were in charge of distributing alcoholic beverages to peasants and local monasteries. And officials of Metropolitan Ignatii (Rimskii-Korsakov) ofTobol'sk (1692-1701) tyrannized Siberian towns by rounding up unmarried girls and selling them into marriage to the highest bidder. Cf. Nikolai F. Kapterev, Svetskie arkhiereiskie chinovniki v drevnei Rusi (Moscow: Tip. "Sovremen. Izvest.," 1874), 137-38
65. Pryzhov, Istoriia kabakov, 75
66. Archbishop Afanasii of Kholmogory was angered by his officials' venality and tried to tighten controls over their behavior. He gave the most influential positions to his brother and nephews and sporadically conducted brutal purges to remove the worst culprits. Cf. Veriuzhskii, Afanasii, 9, 402-7, 417, 419, 446
67. Titov, "Iosif arkhiepiskop Kolomenskii," 1-2, 91-93, 107-8, 115-16
68. Aleksandr Nikolaevich Zertsalov, ed., "O nepravdakh i neprigozhikh rechakh Novgorodskogo mitropolita Kipriana (1627-1633 gg.)," Chteniia, 1896, bk. 1, I-IV, 1-28, esp. 2
69. On Abbot Varlaam's successors' continued tcrrorization of the upper Onega region and peasant revolts, see Starostina, "Volneniia krest'ian Tolvuiskogo pogosta," n. 46
70. Cf. "Pis'mo Novgorodskogo arkhiepiskopa Amvrosiia Iushkevicha k Arkhangel'skomu arkhiepiskopu Varsonofiiu v 1742 godu," Chtcniia, 1880, bk. 1, smes', 7-10
71. On Kuhlmann's teachings and activities in Moscow, see Walter Dietze, Quirinus Kuhlmann Ketzer und Poet: Versuch einer monographischen Darstellung von Leben und Werk (Berlin: Rütten & Loening, 1963), esp. 258-62, 301-38
72. Cf. Aleksandr Sergeevich Lavrov, Koldovstvo i religiia v Rossiii. 1700-1740 (Moscow: Drevlekhranilishche, 2000), esp. 60-74