Grund to Hrof: Aspects of the old english semantics of building and architecture

Architectural History

Volumn 45, Issue , 2002, Pages 49-65

  Biggam, C P ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 60950276837     PISSN: 0066622X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1568776     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. © 2000 John Benjamins. Reprinted with permission from Lexicology, Semantics and Lexicography: Selected Papers from the Fourth G. L. Brook Symposium, Manchester, August 1998, ed. Julie Coleman and Christian J. Kay, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 194 (Amsterdam, 2000), pp. 103-25. An earlier version of this paper was read to the School of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, at the kind invitation of Prof. Jacek Fisiak.
2. Lynne Grundy and Jane Roberts, 'Shapes in the Landscape: Some Words', in Names, Places and People: an Onomastic Miscellany in Memory of John McNeal Dodgson, ed. Alexander R. Rumble and A. D. Mills (Stamford, 1997), pp. 96-110.
3. Jane Roberts, Christian Kay with Lynne Grundy, A Thesaurus of Old English in Two Volumes, 2 vols (London, 1995), I, pp. 231-41.
4. H. M. Taylor and Joan Taylor, Anglo-Saxon Architecture, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1965-78).
5. Old English dictionary definitions in this paper are taken from J. R. Clark Hall, A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 4th edn (Cambridge, 1960)
6. Line references to Old English poetry throughout this article are taken from George Philip Krapp and Elliott van Kirk Dobbie (eds), The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records: a Collective Edition, 6 vols (New York, 1931-42).
7. S. A. J. Bradley, Anglo-Saxon Poetry: an Anthology of Old English Poems in Prose Translation with Introduction and Headnotes (London, 1982), p. 130.
8. Walter W. Skeat (ed.), The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Old Mercian Versions Synoptically Arrangwith Collations Exhibiting all the Readings of all the MSS, Together with the Early Latin Version as Contained in the Lindisfarne MS, Collated with the Latin Version in the Rushworth MS (Cambridge, 1871-87), Luke, p. 71.
9. Gregory I, King Alfred's West Saxon Version of Gregory's 'Pastoral Care', ed. Henry Sweet, 2 vols, Early English Text Society: Original Series 45 and 50 (London, 1871), II, p. 308.
10. Rudolf Brotanek (ed.), Texte und Untersuchungen zur altenglischen Literatur und Kirchengeschichte (Halle, 1913), p. 14, lines 8-9.
11. Janet Backhouse, D. H. Turner and Leslie Webster (eds), The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art 966-1066 (London, 1984), pl. XXIX.
12. H. M. Taylor, 'Repton Reconsidered: a Study in Structural Criticism', in England Before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources Presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed. Peter Clemoes and Kathleen Hughes (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 351-89 (pp. 365-69).
13. Leslie Alcock, in collaboration with S. J. Stevenson and C. R. Musson, Cadbury Castle, Somerset: the Early Medieval Archaeology (Cardiff, 1995), p. 46, illus. 2.1 and 3.1.
14. Taylor and Taylor, III, p. 806.
15. Antonette diPaolo Healey and Richard L. Venezky, A Microfiche Concordance to Old English (Toronto, 1980).
16. Healey and Venezky; R. E. Latham, Revised Medieval Latin Word-List from British and Irish Sources (London, 1965).
17. P. G. W. Glare, Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1982). Where the OLD has been usthis abbreviation will appear.
18. R. T. Oliphant (ed.), The Harley Latin-Old English Glossary, Janua Linguarum: Series Practica 20 (The Hague, 1966), p. 70, line 794.
19. Taylor and Taylor, II, p. 761.
20. Warwick Rodwell, 'Anglo-Saxon Church Building: Aspects of Design and Construction', in The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr H. M. Taylor, ed. L. A. S. Butler and R. K. Morris, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 60 (London, 1986), pp. 156-75 (p. 157).
21. P. V. Addyman, 'The Anglo-Saxon House: a New Review', Anglo-Saxon England, 1 (1972), pp. 273-307.
22. Philip Rahtz, 'Buildings and Rural Settlement', in The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. David M. Wilson (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 49-98 (p. 82).
23. Kevin Greene, Archaeology, an Introduction: the History, Principles and Methods of Modern Archaeology, 3rd edn (London, 1995), p. 67, fig. 3.12.
24. Gustav Milne and Chrissie Milne, 'Catalogue of Waterfront Installations', in Timber Building Techniques in London c. 900-1400: an Archaeological Study of Waterfront Installations and Related Material, ed. Gustav Milne, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Special Paper 15 (London, 1992), pp. 23-77 (p. 45).
25. Byrhtferth, Byrhtferth's Manual (A.D. 1011) Now Edited for the First Time from MS. Ashmole 328 in the Bodleian Library, ed. S. J. Crawford, Early English Text Society: Original Series 177 (London, 1929), p. 90 lines 29-31, p. 91, fig. opposite p. 90.
26. Mary Kerr and Nigel Kerr, Anglo-Saxon Architecture (Princes Risborough, 1983), p. 38, fig. 21.
27. Ælfric, The Sermones Catholici, or Homilies of Ælfric in the Original Anglo-Saxon with an English Version, ed. Benjamin Thorpe, 2 vols (London, 1844-46), I, p. 106.
28. Michael Pocock and Hazel Wheeler, 'Excavations at Escomb Church, County Durham, 1968', Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 34 (1971), pp. 11-29 (plate IV).
29. Diana S. Sutherland and David Parsons, 'The Petrological Contribution to the Survey of All Saints' Church Brixworth, Northamptonshire: an Interim Study', Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 137 (1985 for 1984), pp. 45-64.
30. Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller with Alistair Campbell, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth, ed. and enlarged by T. Northcote Toller, with revised and enlarged addenda by Alistair Campbell, 2 vols (Oxford, 1898-1921).
31. Warwick Rodwell and Kirsty Rodwell, 'St Peter's Church, Barton-Upon-Humber: Excavation and Structural Study, 1978-81', Antiquaries Journal, 62.2 (1982), pp. 283-315 (p. 297).
32. The virtual timber building in this paper is a house or hall. The type of building known variously as a grubenhaus, (grub-)hut, or sunken-featured building, has not been specifically consideralthough some of the discussion is also relevant to this type. The grubenhaus has a floor excavated below the ground surface, although, in some cases, this may simply have provided a ventilation space beneath a wooden floor, and its 'roof' rests on the ground, or very nearly so, thus obviating the need for vertical walls of any great height except at the two gable ends. Stanley West discusses the evidence for grubenhäuser from West Stow in West Stow: the Anglo-Saxon Village, East Anglian Archaeology Report 24, 2 vols (Ipswich, 1985), I, pp. 113-21
33. and this is provided in summary form by Martin Welch in English Heritage Book of Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1992), pp. 21-26.
34. Leslie E. Webster and John Cherry, 'Medieval Britain in 1974', Medieval Archaeology, 19 (1975), pp. 220-60 (pp. 226-27).
35. Richard Hall, English Heritage Book of Viking Age York (London, 1994), p. 60 and pl. 8.
36. Håkon Christie, Olaf Olsen and H. M. Taylor, 'The Wooden Church of St Andrew at GreenstEssex', Antiquaries Journal, 59.1 (1979), pp. 92-112.
37. The surviving stave construction at Greensted may not be preConquest in date, although it is Anglo-Saxon in type. According to recent dendrochronological dating, the timbers were felled in 1063, and the church is estimated to have been built between then and the end of the century (see I. Tyers, 'Tree-Ring Analysis of Timbers from the Stave Church at GreenstEssex', Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports, 20 (1996), no. 14/96).
38. A. Mawer and F. M. Stenton, The Place-Names of Buckinghamshire, English Place-Name Society 2 (Cambridge, 1925), p. 194.
39. Guy Beresford, 'The Reconstruction of Some Saxon Buildings at Goltho, Lincolnshire', in Structural Reconstruction: Approaches to the Interpretation of the Excavated Remains of Buildings, ed. P. J. Drury, British Archaeological Reports: British Series 110 (Oxford, 1982), pp. 113-23 (figs 6.2 and 6.3).
40. Martin Millett with Simon James, 'Excavations at Cowdery's Down, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 1978-81', Archaeological Journal, 140 (1984 for 1983), pp. 151-279 (pp. 228-34, figs 59-63).
41. Brian Hope-Taylor, Yeavering: an Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria, Department of the Environment Archaeological Reports 7 (London, 1977), p. 197, fig. 93.
42. Rosemary Cramp, 'Excavations at the Saxon Monastic Sites of Wearmouth and Jarrow, Co. Durham: an Interim Report', Medieval Archaeology, 13 (1971 for 1969), pp. 21-66 (p. 48).
43. Bede, Venerabilis Baedae historiam ecclesiasticam gentis Anglorum, historiam abbatum, epistolam ad Ecgberctum una cum historia abbatum auctore anonymo, ed. Charles Plummer (Oxford, 1896), p. 160 (Historia ecclesiastica, book 3, chap. 17).
44. G. Baldwin Brown, The Arts in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Architecture, 2nd edn (London, 1925), p. 27, figs 9-10.
45. S. J. Crawford (ed.), The Old English Version of the Heptateuch, Ælfric's Treatise on the Old and New Testament, and his Preface to Genesis ..., Early English Text Society: Original Series 160 (London, 1922), p. 245. See Exodus 12.22.
46. P. V. Addyman, D. Leigh and M. J. Hughes, 'Anglo-Saxon Houses at Chalton, Hampshire', Medieval Archaeology, 16 (1972), pp. 13-31 (p. 23).
47. Rosemary Cramp, 'Window Glass from the Monastic Site of Jarrow', Journal of Glass Studies, 17 (1975), pp. 88-96.
48. Hans Hecht (ed.), Bischofs Wærferth von Worcester Übersetzung der Dialoge Gregors des Grossen über das Leben und die wunderthaten italienischer Väter und über die Unsterblichkeit der Seelen, Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Prosa 5 (Leipzig, 1900), p. 220, lines 15 and 22.
49. D. B. Harden, 'Domestic Window Glass: Roman, Saxon and Medieval', in Studies in Building History: Essays in Recognition of the Work of B. H. St. J. O'Neil, ed. E. M. Jope (London, 1961), pp. 39-63 (pl. V).
50. E. A. Fisher, Anglo-Saxon Towers: an Architectural and Historical Study (Newton Abbot, 1969).
51. H. M. Taylor, 'Some Little-Known Aspects of English Pre-Conquest Churches', in The Anglo-Saxons: Studies in Some Aspects of their History and Culture Presented to Bruce Dickins, ed. Peter Clemoes (London, 1959), pp. 137-58 (pp. 152-55, pls I-II).
52. Bridget Cherry, 'Ecclesiastical Architecture', in The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. David M. Wilson (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 151-200 (pp. 163-69).
53. Philip Rahtz and Lorna Watts, with the late Harold Taylor and Lawrence Butler, St Mary's Church, Deerhurst, Gloucestershire: Fieldwork, Excavations and Structural Analysis 1971-1984, Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 55 (Woodbridge, 1997), p. 180, fig. 106.
54. Niall Brady, 'De oratorio: Hisperica famina and Church Building', Peritia, 11 (1997), pp. 327-35 (pp. 330-33);
55. Michael W. Herren, The Hisperica famina, I: the A-Text: a New Critical Edition with English Translation and Philological Commentary, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies: Studies and Texts 31 (Toronto, 1974), pp. 108-09.
56. R. Morris (ed.), The Blickling Homilies with a Translation and Index of Words Together with the Blickling Glosses, Early English Text Society: Original Series 58, 63 and 73 (London, 1967), pp. 124-25.
57. Bede, On the Temple, trans. with notes by Sean Connolly, with an introduction by Jennifer O'Reilly, Translated Texts for Historians 21 (Liverpool, 1995), p. 34.
58. In spite of speculation, there is no evidence that spires were constructed in Anglo-Saxon England; see Richard Gem, 'Staged Timber Spires in Carolingian North-East France and Late Anglo-Saxon England', Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 148 (1995), pp. 29-54 (p. 50).
59. The Oxford English Dictionary, ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, 2nd edn, 20 vols (Oxford, 1989) interprets 'pinnacle' as 'a small ornamental turret'.
60. Derek Keene, 'Shingles', in Object and Economy in Medieval Winchester, ed. Martin Biddle, Winchester Studies 7.ii, 2 vols (Oxford, 1990), I, pp. 320-26 (p. 323, fig. 73).
61. David Wilson, The Bayeux Tapestry: the Complete Tapestry in Colour (London, 1985), pls 3-4.
62. The evidence from manuscript illustrations for shingles and tiles is classified by M. O. H. Carver, 'Contemporary Artefacts Illustrated in Late Saxon Manuscripts', Archaeologia, 108 (1986), pp. 117-45 (pp. 121 and 125, fig. 2).
63. Backhouse, Turner and Webster, pp. 136-37.
64. Simon James, Anne Marshall and Martin Millett, 'An Early Medieval Building Tradition', Archaeological Journal, 141 (1985 for 1984), pp. 182-215.
65. Philip Dixon, 'How Saxon is the Saxon House?', Structural Reconstruction: Approaches to the Interpretation of the Excavated Remains of Buildings, ed. P. J. Drury, British Archaeological Reports: British Series 110 (Oxford, 1982), pp. 275-87.