"In spite of her sex": The cacica and the politics of the pueblo in late colonial Cusco

Americas

Volumn 64, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 547-581

  Garrett, David T ^a  

^a REED COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60950262552     PISSN: 00031615     EISSN: 15336247     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/tam.2008.0045     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. María Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Curacas y sucesiones, Costa Norte (Lima: Minerva, 1961)
2. Steve J. Stern, Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982)
3. Carlos J. Díaz Rementería, El cacique en el virreinato del Perú: estudio histórico-jurídico (Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 1977)
4. Silvia Rivera, "El Mallku y la sociedad colonial en el siglo XVII: el caso de Jesús de Machaca" Avances [La Paz] 1 (1978): 7-27
5. Thierry Saignes, Caciques, Tribute and Migration in the Southern Andes: Indian Society and the Seventeenth Century Colonial Order (London: University of London, 1985)
6. Luis Miguel Glave, Trajinantes: Caminos indígenas en la sociedad colonial, siglos XVI y XVII (Lima: Instituto de Apoyo Agrario, 1989)
7. Nathan Wachtel, Le Retour des Ancêtres: Les Indiens Urus de Bolivie XXeme-XVIeme siècle: Essai d'Histoire Régressive (Paris: Gallimard, 1990)
8. Franklin Pease, Curacas, reciprocidad y riqueza (Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1992)
9. Roberto Choque Canqui, Sociedad y economía colonial en el sur andino (La Paz: Hisbol, 1993)
10. Scarlett O'Phelan Godoy, Kurakas sin sucesiones: Del cacique al alcalde de indios, Perú y Bolivia 1750-1835 (Cusco: Centro Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1997)
11. Karen Powers, Andean Journeys: Migration, Ethnogenesis and the State in Colonial Quito (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995)
12. Susan Ramirez, The World Upside Down: Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996)
13. Ward Stavig, The World of Túpac Amaru: Conflict, Community and Identity in Colonial Peru (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999)
14. Kenneth J. Andrien, Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness under Spanish Rule, 1532-1825 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001)
15. Sinclair Thomson, We Alone Will Rule: Native Andean Politics in the Age of Insurgency (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002)
16. Sergio Serulnikov, Subverting Colonial Authority: Challenges to Spanish Rule in the Eighteenth-Century South Andes (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003)
17. S. Elizabeth Penry, "Transformations in Indigenous Authority and Identity in Resettlement Towns of Colonial Charcas (Alto Perú)" (PhD Diss., University of Miami, 1996)
18. David T. Garrett, Shadows of Empire: The Indian Nobility of Cusco, 1750-1825 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), particularly pp. 34-38 for the variety within cacical office
19. "... las miserias que hemos sufrido con el postizo ingreso ... al cacicazgo ... ella por su distinto sexso se deve por justicia deponerla que no es digno de este empleo tan recomendable...." ARE, PRA 343. The Choquehuancas ruled Azángaio Anansaya from before the conquest to independence. Leonardo Altuve Carrillo, Choquehuanca y su arenga a Bolívar (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1991), pp. 41-6
20. Variously a village, neighborhood, clan, or extended family, the ayllu is the basic unit of Andean society, a grouping of people, bound by kinship, for productive and reproductive purposes. Before the Spanish reducciones of the 1570s, successful ayllus were distributed across space in numerous settlements; the colonial ayllu, as legally defined, was a land-holding, corporate entity and a constituent part of a larger parish or pueblo. The pueblo is a village or town established by the Spanish, composed of congregated ayllus. For the ayllu, Tristan Platt, "Minors and Maize: the Concept of Yanantin among the Macha of Bolivia" pp. 228-259 in Anthropological History of Andean Polities, eds. John V. Murra, Nathan Wachtel, and Jacques Revel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986)
21. For discussion of individual cacicas, see, for examples, Karen Vieira Powers, "A Battle of Wills: Inventing Chiefly Legitimacy in the Colonial North Andes," pp. 183-214 in Susan Kellogg and Matthew Restall, eds., Dead Giveaways: Indigenous Testaments of Colonial Mesoamerica and the Andes (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1998)
22. Spalding, Huarochirí, p. 237
23. Stavig, The World of Túpac Amaru, pp. 93-4
24. Gary Urton, The History of a Myth: Pacariqtambo and the Origin of the Inkas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), pp. 48-63
25. Karen Graubart, With Our Labor and Sweat: Indigenous Women and the Formation of Colonial Society in Peru, 1550-1700 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), pp. 158-161 and 176-185
26. Irene Silverblatt, Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), p. xxx
27. Silverblatt, Moon, Sun, and Witches, p. 152
28. Graubart, With Our Labor and Sweat, pp. 161-167
29. Silverblatt, Moon, Sun and Witches
30. Steve J. Stern, The Secret History of Gender: Women, Men, and Power in Colonial Mexico (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press)
31. Thomson, We Alone Will Rule
32. Jane E. Mangan, Trading Roles: Gender, Ethnicity and the Urban Economy in Colonial Potosí (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005)
33. Elinor Burkett, "Indian Women and White Society: The Case of Sixteenth-Century Peru," pp. 101-128 in Asunción Lavrin, ed., Latin American Women: Historical Perspectives (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1978)
34. María Rostworowski, La mujer en Perú prehispánico (Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 2001)
35. Frank Salomon, "Indian Women of Early Colonial Quito as Seen through their Wills," Americas 44:3 (January 1988), pp. 325-41
36. Kimberly Gauderman, Women's Lives in Colonial Quito: Gender, Law, and Economy in Spanish America (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003)
37. Ann Zulawski, "Social Differentiation, Gender and Ethnicity: Urban Indian Women in Colonial Bolivia, 1640-1725," Latin American Research Review 25:2 (1990), pp. 93-113
38. Leo J. Garofalo, "The Ethno-Economy of Food, Drink, and Stimulants: The Making of Race in Colonial Lima and Cuzco" (PhD Diss., University of Wisconsin, 2001)
39. Pease, Curacas, reciprocidad y riqueza
40. Susan Ramírez, "The 'Dueño of Indios': Thoughts on the Consequences of the Shifting Bases of Power of the 'Curacas Viejos Antiguos' under the Spanish in Sixteenth Century Peru," Hispanic American Historical Review 64:4 (November, 1987): pp. 575-610
41. Powers, Andean Journeys
42. Stern, Peru's Indian Peoples
43. O'Phelan Godoy, Kurakas sin sucesiones
44. Spalding, "Social Climbers"
45. Garrett, Shadows of Empire, pp. 148-180
46. And, for seventeenth-century concerns about cacical legitimacy, see Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Nueva Coronica y Buen Gobierno, ed. by Juan V. Murra and Rolena Adorno. Mexico (City: Siglo Veintiuno, 1980), p. 768
47. David Cahill and Blanca Tovías, eds., Elites indígenas en los Andes: Nobles, caciques y cabildantes bajo el yugo colonial (Quito: Ediciones Abya Yala, 2003)
48. David Cahill, From Rebellion to Independence in the Andes: Soundings from Southern Peru, 1750-1830 (Amsterdam: Aksant Academic Publishers, 2002), 152-168
49. Nuria Sala i Vila, Y se armó el tole tole: tributo indígena y movimientos sociales en el virreinato del Perú, 1784-1814 (Huamanga: Instituto de estudios regionales José María Arguedas, 1996)
50. Serulnikov, Subverting Colonial Authority
51. Penry, "Transformations."
52. Cahill, From Rebellion to Independence, 157-159
53. Hipólito Unanue, Guía política, eclesiástica y militar del virreynato del Perú para el año de 1793. Ed. with prologue by José Durand (Lima: COFIDE, 1985), pp. 89-90
54. Carolyn Dean, Inka Bodies and the Body of Christ: Corpus Christi in Colonial Cuzco, Peru (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999)
55. David Cahill, "Una nobleza asediada: Los nobles incas del Cuzco en el ocaso colonial," pp. 81-110 in Cahill and Tovías, Elites indígenas en los Andes
56. David T. Garrett, "Los Incas borbónicos: la élite indígena cusqueña en vísperas de Túpac Amaru" Revista Andina 36 (Spring, 2003), pp. 9-63
57. Choque Canqui, Sociedad y economía
58. Glave, Trajinantes and Vida, símbolos y batallas: Creación y recreación de la comunidad indígena. Cusco, siglos XVI-XX (Lima: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993)
59. Wachtel, Le Retour des Ancêtres
60. Rostworowski, Curacas y Sucesiones
61. Silverblatt, Moon, Sun, Witches, pp. 20-108
62. Terence A. D'Altroy, The Incas (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 103-8
63. Urton, History of a Myth, pp. 41-70
64. Grabuart, "Con Nuestro Trabajo," pp. 281-90
65. See also Alejandro Diez, Pueblos y cacicazgos de Piura, siglos XVI y XVII (Piura: Biblioteca Regional, 1988), pp. 45-6
66. "[A los cacicazgos] se heredan por sucesión de padres a hijos, hermanos, y patientes más próximos, siendo legítimos..." (22 February 1602). Diáz Rementería, El cacique en el virreinato del Perú, p. 218
67. "Como es verdad que en los Pueblos y lugares de distrito de la mencionada Provincia ay costumbre de que sucedan las hembras en los casicasgos...." ARC, RA, Ord., 31 (1798), ff. 60r
68. Dominga Quispe Guaman, Isidora Díaz, Juana Uclucana, María Ramos Tito Atauchi, and Martina Chiguantupa. ARC, RA, Ord., 31 (1798), ff. 62. "... sin que aiga embarazo, esta es sin saber leer, ni escribir."
69. ARC, CAB, Ped., 116 (1787-1799)
70. "al clamor de los naturales" ARC, Int. Gob, 147
71. For women's informal role in village politics, see William B. Taylor, Drinking, Homicide and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1979), pp. 116-7
72. and Stern, The Secret History of Gender, pp. 204-8
73. Mangan, Trading Roles, pp. 9-13 for a survey of the literature; also n6 above
74. Susan Kellogg, "From Parallel and Equivalent to Separate but Unequal: Tenochca Mexica Women, 1500-1700," pp. 123-144 in Indian Women of Early Mexico, ed. by Susan Schroeder, Stephanie Wood, and Robert Haskett (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), p. 134 for colonial inheritance law
75. Leon G. Campbell, "Women and the Great Rebellion in Peru, 1780-1783," The Americas 42:2 (1985), pp. 163-96
76. Colección Documental del Bicentenario de la Revolucíon Emancipadora de Túpac Amaru, ed. by Luis Durand Flórez (Lima: 1980), IV: pp. 14, 20-25, 42, 188-208
77. Durand Floréz, ed., Colección Documental del Bicentenario de la Revolucíon, III: pp. 56, 76, 324
78. Jan Szeminski, "Why Kill the Spaniard? New Perspectives on Andean Insurrectionary Ideology in the 18th Century" in Steve J. Stern, ed., Resistance, Rebellion, and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World, 18th to 20th Centuries (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), p. 171
79. Luis Eduardo Wuffarden, "La descendencia real y el 'renacimiento inca' en el virreinato," in Los Incas, reyes del Perú (Lima: Banco de Crédito, 2005), pp. 217, 227
80. D'Altroy, The Incas, pp. 91, 103-106
81. For references to cacical couples collectively as the "los caciques gobernadores" of their community, see ANB, EC-1793-11 (Chucuito); ARC, N18 110 Joseph Bernardo Gamarra, 3 July 1785, f. 710 (Oropesa); ARC, AUD, Old., 33 (1799) (Juli)
82. Mary Elizabeth Perry, Gender and Disorder in Early Modern Seville (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 14-20. And, of course, Lope de Vega's Fuenteovejuna and Calderón de la Barca's El alcalde de Zalamea
83. Convents offered a partial exception for Spanish women. Kathryn J. Burns, Colonial Habits: Convents and the Spiritual Economy of Cuzco, Peru (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999)
84. ARC, COR, Civ., 29, 620
85. See Bianca Premo, "From the Pockets of Women: The Gendering of the Mita, Migration, and Tribute in Colonial Chucuito, Peru" The Americas 57:1 (July 2000), pp. 63-4 for concern by the Potosí cabildo that the demographic havoc wrought by the Potosí mita had led to women alcaldes around Titicaca; the absence of archival mention of such women suggests that this was rhetorical hyperbole
86. For the municipalidad, Helen Nader, Liberty in Absolutist Spain: The Habsburg Sale of Towns, 1516-1700 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), pp. 17-45
87. Juan Polo de Ondegardo, Relación de los fundamentos acerca del notable daño que resulta de no guardar a los Indios susfueros (Lima: Sanmartí y ca., 1916)
88. Hernando de Santillán, Relacion del gobierno de los Incas (Lima: Sanmartí y ca., 1927)
89. ANB, EC-1785-23 (for Don Ambrosio Quispe Cavana of Cavanilla and Doña Maria Ygnacia Chique Ynga Charaja of Pomata); ARC, N18, 124 Joseph Bernardo Gamarra, f. 233 (for Don Bernardo Succacahua of Umachire and the daughter of Don Manuel Garcia Cotacallapa of Usicayos); ARC, N18, 288 Villavisencio, f. 352, 27-02-1778 (for Francisco Succacahua and the daughter of Quiquijana's principal caciques); below for the Mango Turpa-Chuquicallata alliances
90. Choque Canqui, Sociedad y economia colonial
91. and Rivera, "El Mallku y la sociedad colonial."
92. We Alone Will Rule, pp. 77-80
93. Brian Bauer, Ancient Cusco: Heartland of the Inca (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004), pp. 177-9
94. Garrett, "Los Incas borbónicos."
95. ARC, COR, Ped., 90 (1753-65)
96. See the copy of his will in the claim to the cacicazgo made by Don Mauricio Uscamayta. ARC, AUD, Ord., 27 (1798)
97. Similarly, in Guarocondo a noble from Urubamba, Don Lorenzo Copa Cusicondor, married Gabriel Guamantica's half-sister Sebastiana and succeeded their father, Don Joseph Guamantica, while Gabriel occupied the cacicazgo in Santiago through his marriage. ARC, INT, Gob., 133 (1785)
98. ARC, N18, 245 Rodríguez de Ledezma, f. 507, 27 June 1790
99. ARC, INT, Gob., 139 (1787); ARC, CAB, Ped., 116 (1787-99)
100. O'Phelan Godoy, Un siglo de rebeliones anticoloniales
101. Cahill, From Rebellion to Independence in the Andes
102. Walker, Smoldering Ashes
103. John R. Fisher, Government and Society in Colonial Peru: The Intendant System, 1784-1814 (London: University of London, Athlone Press, 1970)
104. ANB, EC-1797-46 for the decree
105. ARC, INT, Gob., 150 (1800-1802), Catca. "... sin título, concepto, ni autoridad de cacique, ni tener otra alguna superioridad en los naturales...." In practice, the recaudador retained the privileges and authority of the cacique
106. ARC, INT, Gob., 147 (1796-7); Acomayo. "... que el oficio de Recaudador de Tributos es un empleo Público, ageno de desempeñarse por Mugeres."
107. See also Guarocondo and Pucyura: ARC, INT, Gob., 133 (1785); ARC, INT, RH, 202 (1798)
108. ABN, EC, 1805-19 and EC, 1807-11
109. Szeminski, "Why Kill the Spaniard?"; Thomson, We Alone Will Rule
110. Sala i Vila, Y se armó el tole tole, pp. 118-27
111. Nils Jacobsen, Mirages of Transition: The Peruvian Altiplano, 1780-1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 122-4
112. Marc Thurner, From Two Republics to One Divided: Contradictions of Colonial Nationmaking in Peru (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996)
113. Florencia Mallon, The Defense of Community in Peru's Central Highlands: Peasant Struggle and Capitalist Transition, 1860-1940 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983)
114. Herbert S. Klein, Haciendas and Ayllus: Rural Society in the Bolivian Andes in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993)
115. Jacobsen, Mirages of Transition