A catholic dilemma: White flight in Northwest Flint

Michigan Historical Review

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 1-42

  Henthorn, Thomas C ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60950214834     PISSN: 03601846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. th Anniversary Festival, September 15, 1958, 8mm home movie.
2. Clarence H. Young and William A. Quinn, Foundation for Living: The Story of Charles Stewart Mott and Flint (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), 223.
3. Parishioner B, July 26, 2003.
4. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1940 Census of the Population and Housing, Flint, Michigan, Standard Metropolitan Area (Washington, D.C.: Geography and Housing Divisions, Bureau of the Census, 1942), 17.
5. Father Swiat, August 20, 2003.
6. George Rashead (parishioner 1943 to 2004, deceased), interview by author, August 20, 2003, SAPA.
7. Grace Scola, SSJ (French teacher, St. Agnes High School, 1967 to 1970, Powers Catholic High School 1970 to 1986), interview by author, August 20, 2003, SAPA.
8. Lorraine Green (parishioner 1954 to 1972), discussion with author, August 15, 2003.
9. Helen Nicholas, "History of St. Agnes, Flint," 1988, typescript, 25, SAPA.
10. The first of many Vatican II reforms, the Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy was implemented on December 4, 1964. This new church law changed the manner in which the mass was conducted and replaced Latin with the vernacular. For more on the Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy and the laity's reception of liturgical reforms, see Mark S. Massa, Catholics and American Culture: Fulton Sheen, Dorothy Day, and the Notre Dame Football Team (New York: Crossroad, 1999), 148.
11. Chester Gillis, Roman Catholicism in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 96.
12. The specific Vatican II reforms that affected religious orders were the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World. For a discussion of these reforms, see Jay P. Dolan, In Search of American Catholicism: A History of Religion and Culture in Tension (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 232.
13. PFR, 1963, 1970.
14. Father Maurice Olk, interview by Helen Nicholas, January 30, 1985, SAPA.
15. Parishioner C (female, parishioner 1953 to 1972), discussion with author, August 13, 2003.
16. Pat Krawiecz (parishioner 1943 to the present), interview by author, July 26, 2003, SAPA.
17. Ben Wisniewski (parishioner 1960 to the present), interview by author, August 20, 2003, SAPA.
18. Parishioner D (female, parishioner 1955 to 1972), discussion with author, August 13, 2003.
19. Rashead, August 20, 2003.
20. George Faris (Flint resident, 1921 to present), discussion with author, September 13, 2003.
21. Green, August 15, 2003.
22. Father Maurice Olk, "Letter to St. Agnes Parish," January 24, 1968, SAPA.
23. Haley, August 20, 2003.
24. Parishioner A (male, parishioner 1955 to 1968), discussion with author, August 13, 2003.
25. Stanley D. Brunn and Wayne L. Hoffman, "The Spadal Response of Negroes and Whites toward Open Housing: The Flint Referendum," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 60 (March 1970): 20.
26. Blockbusting describes profiteering by panicking homeowners into selling cheaply because they fear African-American migration. Nicholas, July 13, 2003.
27. Wisniewski, August 3, 2003.
28. PFR, 1968.
29. Father Olk, "Letter."
30. Paul V. Donovan, bishop emeritus, Diocese of Kalamazoo (pastor 1968 to 1971), interview by author, October 15, 2003, SAPA.
31. Parishioner D, August 13, 2003.
32. Parishioner C, August 13, 2003.
33. Wisniewski, August 20, 2003.
34. Scola, August 20, 2003.
35. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of the Population and Housing, Flint, Michigan, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (Washington, D.C.: Geography and Housing Divisions, Bureau of the Census, 1971), 1-2, 4.
36. Krawiecz, July 26, 2003.
37. St. Agnes Parish Neasletter, July 1970, SAPA.
38. Bishop Donovan, October 15, 2003.
39. St. Agnes Parish Newsletter, September 1971, SAPA.
40. Leo Daly, July 30, 2003.
41. Nicholas, July 13, 2003.
42. PFR, 1971.
43. PFR, 1972.
44. PFR, 1973.
45. PFR, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975.
46. PFR, 1975.
47. Genesee County Catholic Board of Education, 1974, 1977, DLA.
48. PFR, 1976.
49. PFR, 1973, 1975.
50. Green, August 15, 2003;
51. Helen Jackson (parishioner from 1968 to the present), interview by author, July 30, 2003, SAPA.
52. Josephine Daly, July 30, 2003.
53. PFR, 1976;
54. Nicholas, July 13, 2003;
55. PFR, 1978. Because many families consisted of only two adults, "families" was no longer a useful term. The term " households" referred to families of one or more persons.
56. PFR, 1979.
57. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census of the Population and Housing, Flint, Michigan, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (Washington, D.C.: Geography and Housing Divisions, Bureau of the Census, 1982), 23-25.
58. PFR, 1980.
59. Nicholas, "History of St. Agnes," 40.
60. PFR, 1981, 1982, 1983.
61. Father John Klein (pastor, 1984 to 1998), interview by author, August 6, 2003, SAPA.
62. Nicholas, "History of St. Agnes," 45.
63. Father Klein, August 6, 2003.
64. PFR, 1986.
65. th anniversary booklet, 1988, 1, SAPA.
66. Massa, Catholics and American Culture, 167.
67. Jim Castelli and Joseph Gremillion, The Emerging Parish: The Notre Dame Study of Catholic Life since Vatican II (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1987), 27.
68. U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census, 1-2, 4;
69. idem, 1980 Census, 23-25.
70. Helen Merrell Lynd and Robert Staughton Lynd, Middletown: A Study in American Culture (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929), 333.
71. For more on African-American church membership, see Barry A. Kosmin, Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar, American Religious Identification Survey, 2001 (New York: Graduate Center of the University of New York, 2001).
72. For more on the Catholic Church's efforts to recruit African Americans, see Cyprian Davis, The History of Black Catholics in the United States (New York: Crossroad, 1990).