People and the environment in colonial Namibia

South African Historical Journal

Volumn 52, Issue , 2005, Pages 170-190

  Botha, Christo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA   (Namibia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60950180643     PISSN: 02582473     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02582470509464869     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. D. Lowenthal, 'Empires and Ecologies: Reflections on Environmental History', in T. Griffiths and L. Robin, eds, Ecology and Empire: Environmental History of Settler Societies (Pietermaritzburg, 1997), 234
2. W. Beinart, 'South African Environmental History in the African Context', in S. Dovers, R. Edgecombe and D. Guest, eds, South Africa's Environmental History: Cases and Comparisons (Cape Town, 2002), 218
3. T.R. Dunlap, 'Ecology and Environmentalism in the Anglo Settler Colonies', in Griffiths and Robin, Ecology and Empire, 84
4. J. Carruthers, The Kruger National Park: A Social and Political History (Pietermaritzburg, 1995), 116
5. J. Mackenzie, 'Empire and the Ecological Apocalypse: The Historiography of the Imperial Environment', in Griffiths and Robin, Ecology and Empire, 224
6. Lowenthal, 'Empires and Ecologies', 232
7. N. Jacobs, 'The Colonial Ecological Revolution in South Africa: The Case of Kuruman', in Dovers, Edgecombe and Guest, South Africa's Environmental History, 27-32
8. B. Lau, Namibia in Jonker Afrikaner's Time (Windhoek, 1987)
9. A. von Wietersheim, 'Im Jagdrevier zwischen Kalahari und Namib', in K. Becker and J. Hecker, eds, 1884-1984, Vom Schutzgebiel bis Namibia (Windhoek, 1985), 403-12
10. T. Dedering, Hate the Old and Follow the New: Khoekhoe and Missionaries in Early Nineteenth-Century Namibia (Stuttgart, 1997), 27
11. See W. Beinart and J. McGregor, 'Social History and Environmental Discourses: Introduction', in W. Beinart and J. McGregor, eds, Social History and African Environments (Oxford, 2003)
12. R. Moorsom, 'Underdevelopment and Labour Migration: The Contract Labour System in Namibia' (History Research Paper, No. 1, The Namibia History Trust, Windhoek, 1995), 13
13. See W. Hartmann, 'Sexual Encounters and their Implications on an Open and Closing Frontier: Central Namibia from the 1840s to 1905" (PhD thesis, Columbia University, 2002)
14. B. Hains, 'Mawson of the Antarctic, Flynn of the Inland: Progressive Heroes on Australia's Ecological Frontiers', in Griffiths and Robin, Ecology and Empire, 158, 164
15. B. Lau and P. Reiner, 1993, '100 Years of Agricultural Development in Colonial Namibia, Archeia, 17 (1993)
16. C. Stern and B. Lau, 1990, 'Namibian Water Resources and their Management: A Preliminary History', Archeia, 15 (1990)
17. C. Botha, "The Politics of Land Settlement in Namibia, 1890-1960', South African Historical Journal, 42 (2000), 234-7
18. Brigitte Lau, personal communication, May 1995
19. Alexander Balezin, personal communication, April 1990
20. Wolfram Hartmann, personal communication. A similar perception informed official attitudes. In 1949 the chairperson of the Game Preservation Commission stated in response to a request that game on white farms be declared the owner's property, that 'it was pretposterous' and that farmers (most of whom were Afrikaners) would simply destroy game
21. R. Grove, 'Scotland in South Africa: John Croumbie Brown and the Roots of Settler Environmentalism', in Griffiths and Robbin, Ecology and Empire
22. J. Silvester, M. Wallace and P. Hayes, 'Introduction: Mobility and Containment: An Overview, 1915-1946', in P. Hayes et al, Namibia under South African Rule: Mobility and Containment, 1915-1946 (Oxford, 1998), 43
23. T.R. Dunlap, 'Ecology and Environmentalism in the Anglo Settler Colonies', in Griffiths and Robbin, Ecology and Empire, 84
24. NAN, 'Report of the Drought Investigation Commission': see section titled 'Remedial Measures', chapter xiv, paragraphs 413-445
25. NAN, Report of the Farm Industry Commission (Windhoek, 1927), 6
26. NAN, Report on Land Settlement (Windhoek, 1926), 17
27. NAN, Report of the SWA Commission (Windhoek, 1935), paragraphs 167-169
28. Landbouweekblad, 28 Mar. 1945
29. NAN, Long-Term Agricultural Policy Commission, 1948, chapter vii, 'Summary of recommendations', paragraphs 639, 683, 718 and 720
30. Botha, 'Politics of Land Settlement'
31. NAN, Minutes, memorandum to Executive Committee, acting Secretary for SWA, 2/7/1957, vol. V, 1957
32. AgricForum, Feb. 1993, p. 25. The statement was made by Leon Van Wyk, a former agriculture extension officer in southern Namibia
33. B. Walker, quoted in Archer, 'Technology and Ecology in the Karoo', 137
34. Lowenthal, 'Empires and Ecologies', 230
35. J.M. Mackenzie, 'Empire and Ecological Apocalypse: The Historiography of the Imperial Environment', in Griffiths and Robin, Empire and Ecology, 224
36. C. Visser, 'Die Mens en sy Gesindheid', Agricola, 6 (1988)
37. W. Beinart, 'Vets, Viruses and Environmentalism: The Cape in the 1870s and 1880s', Paideuma, 43 (1997), 97-9
38. H. Kjekshus, Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History (London, 1996), 72. Game reserves in Tanzania, like Namibia, was first established by Germany between 1896 and 1908
39. See the Report of the Long-Term Agricultural Policy Commission (Windhoek, 1948), paragraphs 235 and 236
40. NAN, SWA Annual, 1982 - Etosha, 75 years by B.J.G. de la Bat
41. NAN, Game Preservation Ordinance, 1951, article 27
42. A. Schoeman, 'Conservation in Namibia: Laying the Foundation', in P. Tarr, ed., Namibia Environment, vol. 1 (repr. Windhoek, 1997), 6-9
43. Carruthers, Kruger National Park, 48
44. NAN, Minutes of the Executive Committee, Nov. 1961, vol. 1, Memo submitted to Administrator-in-Executive Council
45. Even African reserve dwellers, such as in the Otjohorongo Reserve, complained bitterly that thousands of springbok were destroying the grazing and requested the welfare officer to drive the game away: NAN, SWAA 475, A 50/188/10, annual report by welfare officer for Otjohorongo Reserve, 1944
46. NAN, NTB 1/7, Nature Conservation, statistics, annual report, 5 Dec. 1961
47. NAN, SWAA, Game Preservation Ordinance Amendment Ordinance, 1928
48. See D. Bunn, 'An Unnatural State: Tourism, Water and Wildlife Photography in the Early Kruger National Park', in Beinart and McGregor, Social History and African Environments, 219-20
49. D. Henrichsen, 'Pilgrimages into Kaoko, Herrensafaris, 4×4s and Settler Illusions', in G. Miescher and D. Henrichsen, New Notes on Kaoko (Basel, 2000), 159-88
50. Canuthers, Kruger National Park, 117
51. For a discussion of guidelines structuring the trophy hunting industry inNamibia, see J. Barnes, 'Trophy Hunting in Namibia', in Tarr, Namibia Environment, 100-03
52. Barnes, 'Trophy Hunting in Namibia', 102
53. H. Schneider, 'Agriculture in Namibia, Opportunities and Constraints', in M.B. Schneider, ed., Namibia: Views and Perspectives since Independence (Windhoek, 1994), 82
54. N. Jacobs, 'The Colonial Ecological Revolution in South Africa: The Case of Kuruman', in Dovers et al, South Africa's Environmental History, 27-32
55. See also J. Lambert, '"The Titihoya Does Not Cry Here Any More": The Crisis of the Homestead Economy in Colonial Natal', in Dovers et al, South Africa's Environmental History, 48-60
56. Report of the Commission of Enquiry into South West Africa Affairs, 1962-3 (Pretoria, 1964), 429
57. C. Botha, '"Development", Survival and Adaptation in the Former Damara "Homeland" of Namibia', Geography and Environmental Studies Series, vol. 1 (Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Namibia and Université Paris), 2002
58. NAN, SWAA 2335, Ordinance 4 of 1955
59. NAN, NTB, Report of the Commission of Investigation into Nature Conservation Affairs in SWA, 1965, p. 36
60. NAN, Report of the Commission of Investigation into Nature Conservation Affairs in SWA, 1965, p. 37
61. M. Hinz, Without Chiefs There Would Be No Game, Customary Law and Nature Conservation (Windhoek, 2003), 16-32, contains an overview of legislation as it applied in both commercial farming and communal areas
62. Report of the Commission of Enquiry into South West Africa Affairs, 23
63. For an overview of the way San peoples suffered eviction from many parts of central Namibia, see J. Marshall and C. Ritchie, Where are theJu/Wasi of Nyae-Nyae? Changes in a Bushmen Society, 1958-1981
64. See also R. Gordon, The Bushman Myth: The Making of a Namibian Underclass (Boulder, 1991)
65. NAN, SWAA 2333, District Commander, SA Police, District No. 3, report 14 Nov. 1937
66. For more detail, see Hinz, Without Chiefs There Would Be No Game, 1-82
67. P. Barnard, ed., Biological Diversity in Namibia - A Country Study (Namibia National Biodiversity Task Force, in co-operation with Ministry of Environment and Tourism, UN Environment Programme, Global Environment Facility and NamibiaNature Foundation, 1997), 43
68. M. Jacobsohn, 'Namibia's Kunene Region', in D. Berger et al, Once We Were Hunters: A Journey with Africa's Indigenous People (Cape Town and Amsterdam, 2000)
69. C. Brown, 'The Outlook for the Future' in Tarr, Namibia Environment, 16
70. W. du Plessis, 1992, 'In Situ Conservation in Nambia: The Role of National Parks and Nature Reserves', Dinteria, 23 (Oct. 1992), 132
71. B.J.G. de la Bat, 'An Uneasy Marriage', African Wildlife, 27 (1973), 25-7
72. A particularly good discussion of these issues is presented in Archer, 'Technology and Ecology in the Karoo', 115-20