Caught between rivals: The Spanish-African maroon competition for captive Indian labor in the region of Esmeraldas during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries

Americas

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 113-136

  Medina, Charles Beatty ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60950130305     PISSN: 00031615     EISSN: 15336247     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/tam.2006.0122     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Also see Jane Landers' Black Society in Spanish Florida, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999)
2. Patrick J. Carroll, Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race, Ethnicity, and Regional Development (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991)
3. Kathryn McKnight's "Confronted Rituals: Spanish Colonial and Angolan 'Maroon' Executions in Cartagena de Indias (1634)," Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 5:3 (2004)
4. and Paul Lokken's "A Maroon Moment: Rebel Slaves in Early Seventeenth-Century Guatemala," Slavery and Abolition 25:3 (December 2004)
5. Frederick Bowser's The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650 (Stanford, 1974)
6. and Stuart Schwarz's Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992)
7. John Leddy Phelan dedicated a chapter to Esmeraldas in The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1967)
8. In ethno-historical terms Alcina Franch concentrated on both the pre and post-contact societies of Esmeraldas. See José Alcina Franch, "Penetración española en Esmeraldas tipología del descubrimiento." Revista de Indias XXXVI: 143-144 (January-June 1976), pp. 65-121
9. La arqueología de Esmeraldas (Ecuador): Introducción general (Madrid: Ministerio de Asunto Exteriores, 1979)
10. Adam Szazdi's article "El transfondo de un cuadro: 'Los mulatos de Esmeraldas' de Andrés Sánchez Galque" published in Cuadernos Prehispánicos 12 (1986-1987), pp. 93-142 is perhaps the most extensively documented examination of the Esmeraldeños engagement with Quito authorities
11. Kris Lane's Quito 1599 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002) has an excellent chapter describing the Esmeraldeños within an audiencia-wide context
12. The literature on maroon societies across the Americas provides points of departure and similar scenarios in the Atlantic diasporic context. Some useful examples are: Scott Paris, "Alliance and Competition: Four Case Studies of Maroon-European Relations," Nieuwe West-Indische Gids, 55 (1981), pp. 174-224
13. and Paul Lokken, "Useful Enemies: Seventeenth-Century Piracy and the Rise of Pardo Militias in Spanish Central America," Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 5:2 (2004)
14. See Warren R. Deboer. Traces Behind the Esmeraldas Shore (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996)
15. For a sense of overall demographic declines see Linda Newson's Life and Death in Early Colonial Ecuador (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995)
16. Deboer, Traces, pp. 170-172
17. Also see Juan and Judith Villamarín, "Chiefdoms: The Prevalence and Persistence of 'Señores Naturales' 1400 to European Conquest" The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, vol.3, South America (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 607-612
18. See, for instance, Pedro de Cieza de Leon, The Discovery and Conquest of Peru: Chronicles of the New World Encounter, trans. Noble David Cook and Alexandra Parma Cook (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999)
19. Also see Kris Lane's "Mining the Margins" in Quito 1599, pp. 115-149
20. José Alcina-Franch, "Penetración," pp. 65-121
21. Miguel Cabello Balboa, "Report to the Crown," in Rumazo, Documentos, vol. 4, p. 394
22. Cabello de Balboa, Verdadera descripción, pp. 53-54
23. Cabello, Verdadera descripción, p. 60
24. Letter from Fray Alonso de Espinosa to the Crown, in Rumazo, Documentos, vol. 4, p. 11
25. Letter from Fray Alonso de Espinosa to the Crown, in Rumazo, Documentos, vol. 4, p. 10
26. Richard Price, ed. Maroons Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Ress, 1996), p. 2
27. Frank Salomon, Los Yumbos, Niguas y Tsatchila o "Colorados": Durante la Colonia Española (Quito: Abya-Yala, 1997), chapter 3
28. Cabello, "Verdadera Descripción," p. 64
29. Hincapie, Jowdy-Duque, f. 4r
30. Salomon, Yumbos, pp. 62, 72-73
31. Testimony of Fray Tellez, Jowdy-Duque, f. 20v
32. Report by Tellez and Arévalo, Jowdy-Duque, ff. 20v-22r
33. "Report of the route and port to the South Sea by Cristóbal de Troya Pinque," in Rumazo, Documentes, vol. 4, pp. 40-53
34. See also Felix Bolaños Barbarie y canibalismo en la retórica colonial: los indios Pijaos de Fray Pedro Simón (Bogotá: CEREC, 1994)
35. Whitehead, "Crisis and Transformations," p. 868
36. The term colonial tribe is defined by Mary Helms as "societies that originated as recognizable entities as a direct result of colonial policies." Key aspects of such social entities involve their "middle-men" position often placing them in "pivotal" positions between Europeans and native societies and at times between European powers as well. See: Mary W. Helms, The Cultural Ecology of a Colonial Tribe, Ethnology VIII:1 (January 1969), pp. 76-84
37. W. B. Stevenson, Historical and Descriptive Narrative, vol. 2, chap. XIII