Sex and the city: The white slavery scare and social governance in the progressive era

American Quarterly

Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 411-437

  Dijfee, Christopher ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60950090308     PISSN: 00030678     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/aq.2005.0025     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Jane Addams, A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil (New York: Macmillan, 1912), 206
2. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1909)
3. On the significance of social control in the Progressive Era, see Dorothy Ross, The Origins of American Social Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 219-57
4. Addams, A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil, ix-xi
5. For broader works concerning the transformation of liberty and social responsibility between the Civil War and the New Deal, see, in particular, Nancy Cohen, The Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865-1914 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002)
6. Michael J. Lacey and Mary O. Furner, eds., The State and Social Investigation in Britain and the United States, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
7. James T. Kloppenberg, Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1970-1920 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986)
8. Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)
9. and Daniel T Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998)
10. In addition to the many social histories of prostitution, important monographs on white slavery in the United States include Francesco Cordasco and Thomas Pitkin, "Introduction," in The White Slavery Trade and the Immigrants: A Chapter in American Social History (Detroit: Blane Ethride, 1981)
11. and Frederick K. Grittner, White Slavery: Myth, Ideology, and American Law (New York: Garland, 1990)
12. For a brief discussion of the New York Times and its vacillating views on white slavery, see David J. Langum, Crossing Over the Line: Legislating Morality and the Mann Act (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 30-33
13. For background on George Loane Tucker, see Jack Lodge, "'First of the Immortals': The Career of George Loane Tucker," Grifftthiana 37 (December 1989): 36-68
14. and Frank Thompson, "George Loane Tucker: The First of the Immortals," Film Comment32.2 (March-April 1996): 42-45
15. On the reception of Traffic in Souls and its place among social films, see Kevin Brownlow, Behind the Mask of Innocence (New York: Knopf, 1990), 70-85
16. Kay Sloan, The Loud Silents: Origins of the Social Problem Film (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 78-98
17. and Richard Maltby, "The Social Evil, the Moral Order, and the Melodramatic Imagination, 1890-1915," in Melodrama: Stage, Picture, Screen, ed. Jacky Bratton, Jim Cook, and Christine Gledhill (London: BFI, 1994), 214-30
18. According to Brownlow, the movie actually cost closer to $25,000 and was initiated by the president of the Immigrant Girls' Home, Mrs. S. M. Haggen. For a formal analysis that places Traffic in Souls within the development of feature-length film, see Ben Brewster, " Traffic in Souls: An Experiment in Feature-Length Narrative Construction," Cinema Journal 31.1 (fall 1991): 37-56
19. See Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 132-34
20. and Glenn Hendler, Public Sentiments: Structures of Feeling in Nineteenth-Century American Literature (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of Chapel Hill Press, 2001), 1-26
21. Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship (Durham, N.C: Duke University Press, 1997)
22. Berlant, "Poor Eliza," American Literature70.3 (September 1998): 635-68
23. and Berlant, "The Subject of True Feeling: Pain, Privacy, and Politics," in Cultural Pluralism, Identity Politics, and the Law, ed. Austin Sarat and Thomas R. Kearns (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), 49-84
24. See, for instance, Mark Thomas Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 6
25. Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 133-35
26. Constance A. Nathanson, Dangerous Passage: The Social Control of Sexuality in Women's Adolescence (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 14-17
27. and Frederick K. Grittner, White Slavery, chap. 3
28. Other important social histories of prostitution include Mary E. Odern, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995)
29. and Barbara Meil Hobson, Uneasy Virtue: The Politics of Prostitution and the American Reform Tradition (New York: Basic Books, 1987)
30. One of the few considerations of white slavery narratives by a literary critic is Margit Stange, Personal Property: Wives, White Slaves, and the Market in Women (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 75-127
31. Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985)
32. Guiliana Bruno, Streetwalking on a Ruined Map: Cultural Theory and the City Films of Elvira Notari (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993)
33. Lauren Rabinovitz, For the Love of Pleasure: Women, Movies, and Culture in Turn-of-the-Century Chicago (New Brunswick, N.Y.: Rutgers University Press, 1998)
34. Shelley Stamp, Movie-Struck Girls (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), 74-77
35. See Stamp, Movie-Struck Girls, 41-101
36. 1975
37. For other interpretations of the film, see Robert C. Allen, "Traffic in Souls," Sight and Sounds 44.1 (winter 1974/1975): 50-52
38. Janet Staiger, Bad Women: Regulating Sexuality in Early American Cinema (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 116-46
39. Lee Grieveson, "Policing the Cinema: Traffic in Soul at Ellis Island, 1913," Screen 38.2 (summer 1997): 149-71
40. and Tom Gunning, "From Kaleidoscope to the X-Ray: Urban Spectatorship, Poe, Benjamin, and Traffic in Soul (1913)," Wide Angle 19.4 (1997): 25-61
41. See Linda Williams, Playing the Race Card: Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O. J. Simpson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), esp. 10-44
42. on melodrama in early film, see Ben Singer, Melodrama and Modernity: Early Sensational Cinema and Its Contexts (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001)
43. These two readings are roughly played out by Janet Staiger and Shelley Stamp; see Staiger, Bad Women, 138-43
44. and Stamp, Movie-Struck Girl 76-77
45. In fact, this era witnessed the birth of female policing; see, in particular, Dorothy Moses Schulz, From Social Worker to Crimefighter: Women in United States Municipal Policing (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995)
46. Gloria E. Myers, A Municipal Mother: Portland's Lola Greene Baldwin, America's First Policewoman (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1995)
47. and Samuel Walker, A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 1977), 84-93
48. See, in particular, Paula Baker, "The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780-1920," in Women, the State, and Welfare, ed. Linda Gordon (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 55-91
49. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992)
50. and Seth Koven and Sonya Michel, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York: Routledge, 1993)
51. See, in particular, Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood, 14-38
52. Odem, Delinquent Daughters, chaps. 1-3 (on age-of-consent campaigns), 4-6 (on the juvenile court system)
53. See Lacey and Furner, The State and Social Investigation, 171-241 (on the Gilded Age), and 279-322 (on twentieth-century patterns of policy research)
54. See Langum, Crossing Over the Line, esp. 48-139
55. On the rise of social policing as a theme in recent literary and cultural theory, see Christopher P. Wilson, Cop Knowledge: Police Power and Cultural Narrative in Twentieth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 1-18
56. For a rich discussion of the shifting meaning of the paper protected by the Fourth Amendment, see William Stuntz, "The Substantive Origins of Criminal Procedure," Yale Law Journal 105 (November 1995): 393-447
57. On the development of the Fourth Amendment, see Nelson Lasson, The History and Development of the Fourth Amendment(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1937)
58. Jacob W Landynski, Search and Seizure and the Supreme Court: A Study in Constitutional Interpretation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966)
59. Morgan Cloud, "The Fourth Amendment During the Lochner Era: Privacy, Property, and Liberty in Constitutional Theory," Stanford Law Review 48 (1996): 555-631
60. Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, "The Right to Privacy," Harvard Law Review 4 (1890), 205
61. On shifts within child welfare societies, see W Norton Grubb and Marvin Lazerson, Broken Promises: How Americans Fail Their Children (New York: Basic Books, 1982)
62. Ronald D. Cohen, "Child-Saving and Progressivism, 1885-1915," in American Childhood: A Research Guide and Historical Handbook, ed. Joseph M. Hawkes and N. Ray Hiner (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1985), 273-310
63. Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives, chaps. 2-3
64. and Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy Against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), chaps. 4 and 7
65. Jonathan Hafetz, " ' Man's Home Is His Castle?': Reflections on the Home, the Family, and Privacy During the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," William and Mary Journal of Women and Law 8 (2002): 175-242
66. See, as well, Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 122-48
67. Coontz, The Social Origins of Private Life: A History of American Families, 1600-1900 (New York: Verso, 1988)
68. and Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse:A Social History of'Welfare in America (New York: Basic Books, 1986), 113-45
69. For a discussion of the family as a key resource in the Progressive reformulation of social responsibility, see Eric Rauchway, The Refuge of Affections: Family and American Reform Politics, 1900-1920 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001)
70. Quoted in Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 279
71. see as well Grossberg, "Balancing Acts: Crisis, Change, and Continuity in American Family Law, 1890-1990," Indiana Law Review 28.2 (1995): 273-308
72. Quoted in Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, 279
73. For an overview of parens patriae, see George B. Curtis, "The Checkered Career of Parents Patriae: The State as Parent or Tyrant?" De Paul Law Review 25 (1976): 895-915
74. On the larger Progressive attitude toward social dependents, see David J. Rothman, "The State as Parent: Social Policy in the Progressive Era," in Doing Good: The Limits of Benevolence, ed. Willard Gaylin et al. (New York: Pantheon, 1978): 67-96
75. Tom Gunning, "From the Opium Den to the Theatre of Morality: Moral Discourse and the Film Process in Early American Cinema," Art & Text30 (September-November 1988): 30-41
76. See as well Annette Kuhn, Cinema, Censorship, Sexuality, 1909-1925 (London: Routledge, 1988)
77. The Board of Censorship's general secretary John Collier released a statement reprinted in "To Censor or Not," Motography, November 15, 1913, 339-40
78. See Stamp, Movie-Struck GirLs, 62
79. On the peculiar ability of melodrama to indicate a more profound center of gravity beneath its numerous Manichean divisions, see Peter Brooks, The Melodramatic Imagination (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), 5
80. Christopher Prendergast, Balzac: Fiction and Melodrama (London: Edward Arnold, 1978), 93, 116-17
81. and Michael Allen, Family Secrets: The Feature Films of D.W. Griffith (London: BFI, 1999), 51-52
82. For instances of incest in other white slavery narratives, see, among others, Helen Hamilton Gardener's best-selling Is This Your Son, My Lord? from 1890
83. as well as Witter Byrner, "Tiger," The Forum (April 1913): 522-47
84. Tenement House Committee of 1894, Report, 70
85. Quoted in Roy Lubove, The Progressives and the Slums: Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1890-1917 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974), 95
86. See Williams, Playing the Race Card, 30-6
87. Warren and Brandeis, "The Right to Privacy," 196. Quoted in Coontz, The Way We Never Were, 136
88. Roberson, 171 N.Y. at 560 (1902)
89. Pavesich, 122 Ga. 190 at 218 (1905)