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Volumn 84, Issue , 2003, Pages 52-72

National identity and shifting imperial frontiers: Whiteness and the exclusion of colonial labor after World War I

(1)  Stovall, Tyler a  

a NONE

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EID: 60950026335     PISSN: 07346018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/rep.2003.84.1.52     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (141)
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    • I rely here in particular on the psychoanalytic theories of Jacques Lacan as interpreted by certain feminist scholars: Sally Alexander, Women, Class and Sexual Difference, History Workshop 17 (Spring 1984);
    • I rely here in particular on the psychoanalytic theories of Jacques Lacan as interpreted by certain feminist scholars: Sally Alexander, "Women, Class and Sexual Difference," History Workshop 17 (Spring 1984)
  • 2
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    • For a critique of this approach, New York
    • For a critique of this approach, see Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 37-41
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    • Women's Strikes and the Politics of Popular Egalitarianism in France, 1916-18
    • Much of the historiography of French labor in this period has tended to treat the working class as a monolith. For a critique of this practice Lenard Berlanstein, ed
    • Much of the historiography of French labor in this period has tended to treat the working class as a monolith. For a critique of this practice, see Laura Downs, "Women's Strikes and the Politics of Popular Egalitarianism in France, 1916-18," in Lenard Berlanstein, ed., Rethinking Labor History (Urbana, Ill., 1993)
    • (1993) Rethinking Labor History Urbana , vol.49
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    • On the history of race in France, New York
    • On the history of race in France, see Jacques Barzun, The French Race (New York, 1932)
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    • Le Melting-Pot: Made in America, Produced in France
    • December
    • Nancy L. Green, "Le Melting-Pot: Made in America, Produced in France," Journal of American History 86, no. 3 (December 1999)
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    • Les Races Guerrières': Racial Preconceptions in the French Military about French West African Soldiers during the First World War
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    • (1999) Journal of Contemporary History , pp. 34
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    • Françoise Vergès, Monsters and Revolutionaries: Colonial Family Romance and Métissage (Durham, N.C., 1999).
    • Françoise Vergès, Monsters and Revolutionaries: Colonial Family Romance and Métissage (Durham, N.C., 1999)
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    • On questions of métissage in the French colonies Ann L. Stoler, Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia, in Frederick Cooper and Ann L. Stoler, Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, 1997);
    • On questions of métissage in the French colonies see Ann L. Stoler, "Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia," in Frederick Cooper and Ann L. Stoler, Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, 1997)
  • 32
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    • On foreign workers in France before 1914, Paul Frezouls, Les ouvriers étrangers en France (Montpellier, France, 1909);
    • On foreign workers in France before 1914, see Paul Frezouls, Les ouvriers étrangers en France (Montpellier, France, 1909)
  • 35
    • 60949797283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These observations included, for example, the memoir by René Michaud, J'avais vingt ans (Paris, 1967),
    • These observations included, for example, the memoir by René Michaud, J'avais vingt ans (Paris, 1967)
  • 38
    • 0345824505 scopus 로고
    • Immigrant Workers in France during World War i
    • Spring
    • John Horne, "Immigrant Workers in France During World War I," French Historical Studies 14, no. 1 (Spring 1985)
    • (1985) French Historical Studies , vol.14 , Issue.1
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  • 39
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    • La main d'oeuvre étrangère en france et la première guerre mondiale
    • Jean Vidalenc, "La main d'oeuvre étrangère en france et la première guerre mondiale (1901-1926), Francia 2 (1974)
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  • 41
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    • Colour-Blind France? Colonial Workers during the First World War
    • October-December
    • T. Stovall, "Colour-Blind France? Colonial Workers During the First World War," Race and Class 35, no. 2 (October-December, 1993)
    • (1993) Race and Class , vol.35 , Issue.2
    • Stovall, T.1
  • 42
    • 0004235938 scopus 로고
    • There is some debate about the exact number of colonial laborers who came to France. Whereas official statistics record only about 225,000, more recently historians have argued that 300,000 is a more realistic figure Paris
    • There is some debate about the exact number of colonial laborers who came to France. Whereas official statistics record only about 225,000, more recently historians have argued that 300,000 is a more realistic figure. See Jacques Thobie, et al., Histoire de la France coloniale, 1914-1990 (Paris, 1990), 78-79
    • (1990) Histoire de la France coloniale, 1914-1990 , pp. 78-79
    • Thobie, J.1
  • 43
    • 79954913167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the consequences of this policy for questions of gender and sexuality in wartime France Tyler Stovall, Love, Labor, and Race: Colonial Men and White Women in France During the Great War, in Tyler Stovall and Georges Van Den Abbeele, French Civilization and Its Discontents: Nationalism, Colonialism, and Race Lanham, Md, 2003
    • On the consequences of this policy for questions of gender and sexuality in wartime France see Tyler Stovall, "Love, Labor, and Race: Colonial Men and White Women in France During the Great War," in Tyler Stovall and Georges Van Den Abbeele, French Civilization and Its Discontents: Nationalism, Colonialism, and Race (Lanham, Md., 2003)
  • 44
    • 60950019259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archives Nationales (hereafter AN), series F 14 11331, letter of 2 February 1918.
    • Archives Nationales (hereafter AN), series F 14 11331, letter of 2 February 1918
  • 45
    • 60950034673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Société historique de l'armée de terre (hereafter SH), series 7 N 1001,
    • Société historique de l'armée de terre (hereafter SH), series 7 N 1001
  • 46
    • 60949732557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapport sur les opérations de la commission militaire de contrôle postales de Tunis, June 1917, letter from anonymous to Zeghouf Idir
    • "Rapport sur les opérations de la commission militaire de contrôle postales de Tunis," June 1917, letter from anonymous to Zeghouf Idir
  • 47
    • 60949897612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SH, series 7 N 1001, Rapport ... postales de Tunis, March 1918.
    • SH, series 7 N 1001, "Rapport ... postales de Tunis," March 1918
  • 50
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    • Note relative au recrutement de la main-d'oeuvre coloniale Nord-Africaine et Chinoise
    • AN, series 94, August
    • "Note relative au recrutement de la main-d'oeuvre coloniale Nord-Africaine et Chinoise," AN, series 94 AP 135, 16 August 1916
    • (1916) , vol.AP 135 , Issue.16
  • 51
    • 33750918857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Color Line behind the Lines: Racial Violence in France during the Great War
    • June
    • See Tyler Stovall, "The Color Line Behind the Lines: Racial Violence in France During the Great War," American Historical Review 103, no. 3 (June 1998)
    • (1998) American Historical Review , vol.103 , Issue.3
    • Stovall, T.1
  • 52
    • 79954900215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On this point especially the numerous complaints about Chinese workers contained in AN, series F 14 11331.
    • On this point see especially the numerous complaints about Chinese workers contained in AN, series F 14 11331
  • 53
    • 60949834910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As Léon Jouhaux put it in August 1917, If the workers return from the front to find themselves faced with foreign workers, who, because there are no guarantees against their exploitation, may cause wage decreases, the discontent will be widespread and violent; cited in Cross, Immigrant Workers, 49.
    • As Léon Jouhaux put it in August 1917, "If the workers return from the front to find themselves faced with foreign workers, who, because there are no guarantees against their exploitation, may cause wage decreases, the discontent will be widespread and violent"; cited in Cross, Immigrant Workers, 49
  • 55
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    • the December 1919 letter warning against trying to use colonial labor on the docks of Le Havre; AN, series F 14 11332, letter of 5 December 1919.
    • See the December 1919 letter warning against trying to use colonial labor on the docks of Le Havre; AN, series F 14 11332, letter of 5 December 1919
  • 56
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    • SH, carton 6 N 270, reports of June 1918-December 1919.
    • SH, carton 6 N 270, reports of June 1918-December 1919
  • 58
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    • AN, series F 14 11331, reports of 11 December 1918 and 24 April 1919.
    • AN, series F 14 11331, reports of 11 December 1918 and 24 April 1919
  • 59
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    • Thanks to the diligence of wartime censors in France, historians have at their disposal thousands of letters written by foreign workers during the war. in particular Société historique de l'armie de terre (SHAT) 7 N 1001, 6 N 149, 7 N 435, 5 N 134, 7 N 144, 7 N 997.
    • Thanks to the diligence of wartime censors in France, historians have at their disposal thousands of letters written by foreign workers during the war. See in particular Société historique de l'armie de terre (SHAT) 7 N 1001, 6 N 149, 7 N 435, 5 N 134, 7 N 144, 7 N 997
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    • Les Algériens dans le Paris de l'entre-deux-guerres
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    • Benjamin Stora, "Les Algériens dans le Paris de l'entre-deux-guerres," in Andre Kaspi and Antoine Marès, eds., Le Paris des étrangers: depuis un siècle (Paris, 1989)
    • (1989) Le Paris des étrangers: Depuis un siècle
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  • 62
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    • SH, 7 N 993, report of 15 May 1916; SH, 7 N 435, telegram of 8 August 1915;
    • SH, 7 N 993, report of 15 May 1916; SH, 7 N 435, telegram of 8 August 1915
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    • Bulletin du Ministère du Travail (Jan-Feb 1920), cited in Jean-Louis Robert, "Ouvriers et Mouvement ouvrier parisiens pendant la grande guerre et l'immédiate après-guerre" (thèse, doctoral d'état, Université de Paris, January 1989), 474
    • (1920) Bulletin du Ministère du Travail
  • 65
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    • the official reports contained in Archives de la Prefecture de Police (APP), 67;
    • See the official reports contained in Archives de la Prefecture de Police (APP), 67
  • 66
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    • AN, series F 22 2565, report of 8 March 1919.
    • AN, series F 22 2565, report of 8 March 1919
  • 69
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    • Les conditions de travail et les grèves des ouvriers coloniaux à Paris des lendemains de la Première Guerre mondiale à la veille du Front populaire
    • Stora; Stéphane Sirot, "Les conditions de travail et les grèves des ouvriers coloniaux à Paris des lendemains de la Première Guerre mondiale à la veille du Front populaire," Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer 83, no. 311 (1996)
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    • Stora1    Sirot, S.2
  • 71
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    • AN, series F 7 13356
    • AN, series F 7 13356
  • 72
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    • On this point Mireille Favre, Un milieu porteur de modernisation: travailleurs et tirailleurs vietnamiens en France pendant la première guerre mondiale (thèse pour diplome d'archiviste-paléographe, École nationale des Chartes, 1986), 370-82.
    • On this point see Mireille Favre, "Un milieu porteur de modernisation: travailleurs et tirailleurs vietnamiens en France pendant la première guerre mondiale" (thèse pour diplome d'archiviste-paléographe, École nationale des Chartes, 1986), 370-82
  • 73
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    • The factional struggles within the CGT and the French Left at this time also prevented labor from exercising much influence over the question of immigrant workers
    • The factional struggles within the CGT and the French Left at this time also prevented labor from exercising much influence over the question of immigrant workers; Cross, Immigrant Workers, 46-55
    • Cross, Immigrant Workers , pp. 46-55
  • 74
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    • This unity of opinion is all the more striking given the sharp conflicts between capital and labor in the postwar years. Annie Kriegel, Aux origines du communisme français, 1914-1920, 2 vols, Paris, 1964;
    • This unity of opinion is all the more striking given the sharp conflicts between capital and labor in the postwar years. See Annie Kriegel, Aux origines du communisme français, 1914-1920, 2 vols. (Paris, 1964)
  • 77
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    • Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August, 1927
    • Summer/Fall
    • Elisa Camiscioli, "Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August, 1927," French Politics, Culture, and Society 17, no. 3-4 (Summer/Fall 1999)
    • (1999) French Politics, Culture, and Society , vol.17 , Issue.3
    • Camiscioli, E.1
  • 83
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    • There were, of course, exceptions to this rule. Jacques Valdour notes widespread anti-Algerian sentiment among the French workers of Paris's thirteenth arrondissement in his Ouvriers parisiens d'après-guerre (Paris, 1921).
    • There were, of course, exceptions to this rule. Jacques Valdour notes widespread anti-Algerian sentiment among the French workers of Paris's thirteenth arrondissement in his Ouvriers parisiens d'après-guerre (Paris, 1921)
  • 90
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    • The Antisemitic Revival in France in the 1930s: The Socioeconomic Dimension Reconsidered
    • For a good overview of this debate, March
    • For a good overview of this debate, see Vicki Caron, "The Antisemitic Revival in France in the 1930s: The Socioeconomic Dimension Reconsidered," Journal of Modern History 70 (March 1998)
    • (1998) Journal of Modern History , vol.70
    • Caron, V.1
  • 94
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    • Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature (Durham, N.C., 1996);
    • Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature (Durham, N.C., 1996)
  • 97
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    • On the Revue nègre: Blake, Le Tumulte Noir; Phyllis Rose, Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in Her Time (New York, 1989).
    • On the Revue nègre: Blake, Le Tumulte Noir; Phyllis Rose, Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in Her Time (New York, 1989)
  • 98
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    • On the Colonial Exposition: Catherine Hodeir and Michel Pierre, L'Exposition coloniale (Paris, 1991);
    • On the Colonial Exposition: Catherine Hodeir and Michel Pierre, L'Exposition coloniale (Paris, 1991)
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    • in Pierre Nora, ed., Les Lieux de mémoire, 1, La République (Paris)
    • Charles-Robert Agéron, "L'Exposition coloniale de 1931," in Pierre Nora, ed., Les Lieux de mémoire, vol. 1, La République (Paris, 1984)
    • (1984) L'Exposition coloniale de 1931
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    • 79954937218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This point has often been made by students of representations of rural life. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen (Stanford, 1976);
    • This point has often been made by students of representations of rural life. See Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen (Stanford, 1976)
  • 107
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    • As Herman Lebovics put it, To present ancient Asian temples and primitive African huts cheek by jowl with displays of closely machined electric turbine blades is to school the viewer in a dialectic of ancient stability and modern dynamism; Lebovics, True France, 86. The point is that the exposition defined France every bit as much as it defined the colonies.
    • As Herman Lebovics put it, "To present ancient Asian temples and primitive African huts cheek by jowl with displays of closely machined electric turbine blades is to school the viewer in a dialectic of ancient stability and modern dynamism"; Lebovics, True France, 86. The point is that the exposition defined France every bit as much as it defined the colonies
  • 108
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    • Tam, director Edmond T
    • Princess Tam Tam, director Edmond T. Greville, 1935
    • (1935) Greville
    • Tam, P.1
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    • Compare this with the discussions of blackface performance and white working class identity in Roediger, Wages
    • Compare this with the discussions of blackface performance and white working class identity in Roediger, Wages
  • 112
    • 79954867628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • William Cohen has noted that interwar views of Africans stressed cannibalism to a much greater extent than did precolonial conceptions; Cohen, French Encounter, 284
    • William Cohen has noted that interwar views of Africans stressed cannibalism to a much greater extent than did precolonial conceptions; Cohen, French Encounter, 284
  • 116
    • 79954858913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • French Images of Race on Product Trademarks during the Third Republic, in Stovall and Peabody
    • Dana S. Hale, "French Images of Race on Product Trademarks During the Third Republic," in Stovall and Peabody, Color of Liberty
    • Color of Liberty
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  • 124
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    • This idea of the metropole defining itself against the empire is a staple theme of the new colonial studies. in particular the work of Edward Said: Orientalism (New York, 1978);
    • This idea of the metropole defining itself against the empire is a staple theme of the new colonial studies. See in particular the work of Edward Said: Orientalism (New York, 1978)
  • 125
    • 79954848981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993).
    • and Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993)
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    • Colonialisme ou impérialisme: La politique africaine de la France entre les deux guerres
    • Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, "Colonialisme ou impérialisme: La politique africaine de la France entre les deux guerres," Mouvement Social 107 (1979)
    • (1979) Mouvement Social , vol.107
    • Coquery-Vidrovitch, C.1
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    • Recherches sur l'évolution du travail salarié en AOF
    • Hélène D'Almeida-Topor, "Recherches sur l'évolution du travail salarié en AOF (1930-1936)," Cahiers d'études africaines 61-62 (1976)
    • (1976) Cahiers d'études africaines , pp. 61-62
    • D'Almeida-Topor, H.1
  • 134
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    • Salariat et mouvement ouvrier en Tunisie
    • Paris, 1978
    • Claude Liauzu, Salariat et mouvement ouvrier en Tunisie. Crises et mutations (1931-1939) (Paris, 1978)
    • (1931) Crises et mutations
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    • Here I take issue with some of the recent thinking about transnationalism and the African Diaspora. While I fully agree that racial groups and ideas are not simply limited by national boundaries, I also argue that national cultures play a key role in defining ideas of race. Cambridge, Mass
    • Here I take issue with some of the recent thinking about transnationalism and the African Diaspora. While I fully agree that racial groups and ideas are not simply limited by national boundaries, I also argue that national cultures play a key role in defining ideas of race. See Paul Gilroy The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, Mass., 1993)
    • (1993) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness
    • Gilroy, P.1
  • 141
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    • Unfinished Migrations: Reflections on the African Diaspora and the Making of the Modern World
    • April
    • Tiffany Ruby Patterson and Robin D. G. Kelley "Unfinished Migrations: Reflections on the African Diaspora and the Making of the Modern World," African Studies Review 43, no. 1 (April, 2000)
    • (2000) African Studies Review , vol.43 , Issue.1
    • Ruby Patterson, T.1    Kelley, R.D.G.2


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