The political economy of blackness: Citizenship, corporations, and race in Dred Scott

Civil War History

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 229-260

  Allen, Austin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON DOWNTOWN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60949954058     PISSN: 00098078     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/cwh.2004.0051     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. John Appleton to Benjamin Robbins Curtis, Washington, D.C., Mar. 15, 1857, Benjamin Robbins Curtis Papers (container 1), Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C
2. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1976), 267-96
3. Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978)
4. Fehrenbacher, "Roger B. Taney and the Sectional Crisis," journal of Southern History 43 (Nov. 1977); 555-66
5. Guadalupe T. Luna, "On the Complexities of Race: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Dred Scott v. Sandford," University of Miami Law Review 53 (July 1999): 691-716
6. Mark A. Graber, "Desperately Ducking Slavery: Dred Scott and Contemporary Constitutional Theory," Constitutional Commentary 14 (Summer 1997): 271-318
7. Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1997), 243-385
8. Stuart A. Streichler, "Justice Curtis's Dissent in the Dred Scott Case: An Interpretive Study," Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 24 (Winter 1997): 509-44
9. Robert Meister, "The Logic and Legacy of Dred Scott: Marshall, Taney, and the Sublimation of Republican Thought," Studies in American Political Development 3 (1989): 199-260
10. James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1978), 324-32
11. Bernard Schwartz, From Confederation to Nation: The American Constitution, 1835-1877 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1973), 127-29
12. Nancy Isenberg, Sex and Citizenship in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1998), xi-xii
13. Linda K. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), xx-xxiv
14. David Montgomery, Citizen Worker: The Experience of Workers in the United States with Democracy and the Free Market during the Nineteenth Century (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993), 2-9
15. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 60 U. S. 393 (1856), 404-5
16. Roger B. Taney to State Department, Attorney General's Office, May 28, 1832, in Opinions on Legal Questions (container 1), General Records of the Attorney Generals, Records of the Department of Justice, RG 60
17. Taney to State Department, June 9, 1832, in Miscellaneous Letters (container M 179, roll 73 [Apr. 2-June 30, 1832]), Records of the State Department, RG 59), both in National Archives, College Park, Md
18. Lacy K. Ford, "Making the "White Man's' Country White: Race, Slavery, and State-Building in the Jacksonian South," Journal of the Early Republic 19 (Winter 1999): 713-37
19. Robert K. Dykstra, Bright Radical Star: Black Freedom and White Supremacy on the Hawkeye Frontier (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1993)
20. James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community, and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997)
21. A. Leon Higginbotham, Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1996), 65
22. Thurgood Marshall, "Reflections on the Bicentennial of the United States," Harvard Law Review 101 (Nov. 1987): 1-5
23. Raymond T. Diamond, "No Call to Glory: Thurgood Marshall's Thesis on the Intent of a Proslavery Constitution," Vanderbilt Law Review 42 (Jan. 1989): 93-131
24. Paul Finkelman, "'Hooted Down the Page of History': Reconsidering the Greatness of Chief Justice Taney," Journal of Supreme Court History (1994): 95-97
25. Sanford Levinson, "Slavery in the Canon of Constitutional Law," Chicago-Kent Law Review 68.3 (1993): 1087-111
26. Gerard N. Magliocca, "Preemptive Opinions: The Secret History of Worcester v. Georgia and Dred Scott," University of Pittsburgh Law Review 63 (Spring 2002): 487-587
27. Harold M. Hyman and William M. Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law: Constitutional Development, 1835-1875 (New York: Harper and Row, 1982), 180-83
28. Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1977), 97
29. James L. Huston, "Property Rights in Slavery and the Coming of the Civil War," Journal of Southern History 65 (May 1999): 249-86
30. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Back Bay, 1993)
31. David R. Roediger, "The Pursuit of Whiteness: Property, Terror and Expansion, 1790-1860," Journal of the Early Republic 19 (Winter 1999): 579-600
32. Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. 539 (1842)
33. Passenger Cases, 48 U.S. 283 (1849)
34. Austin Allen, "Containing Slavery, Imposing Sovereignty: Federalism, Corporate Law, and the Origins of the Dred Scott Case" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Houston, 2001), 161-65
35. Wiecek, "Slavery and Abolition before the Supreme Court," 43-53
36. Graham v. Strader, 5 B. Monroe 173 (Ky., 1844)
37. Strader v. Graham, 51 U.S. (1850), 82, 93
38. Paul Finkelman, An Imperfect Union: Slavery, Federalism, and Comity (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1981), 273-74
39. Strader v. Graham, 94-97. Justices McLean (p. 97) and Catron (pp. 98-99)
40. Moore v. Illinois, 55 U.S. 13 (1852)
41. Louisville, Cincinnati, and Charleston Railroad Company v. Letson, 43 U.S. 497 (1844), 558
42. Bank of United States v. Deveaux, 9 U.S. 61 (1809)
43. Rundle et al v. Delaware and Raritan Canal Company, 55 U.S. 80 (1852), 95-102
44. Dodge v. Woolsey, 59 U.S. 331, 362-80 (1855) (Campbell, Daniel, and Catron, JJ., dissenting)
45. Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company v. Debolt, 57 U.S. 416 (1853), 441-444 (Campbell, Daniel, and Catron, JJ., concurring)
46. Piqua Branch of the State Bank of Ohio v. Knoop, 57 U.S. 369 (1853), 393-415 (Campbell, Daniel, and Catron, JJ., dissenting)
47. Knoop, 414-15 (Campbell, J.)
48. Debolt, 442-43 (Catron, J.)
49. Dodge, 370-78 (Campbell, J.), 380 (Daniel, Catron, JJ.)
50. Knoop, 398 (Catron, J.)
51. Stanley I. Kutler, Privilege and Creative Destruction (1971; rpt., Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1990), 143-44
52. Marshall v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, 57 U.S. 314 (1853), 345 (Daniel, J.)
53. Northern Indiana Railroad Company et al v. Michigan Central Railroad Company, 56 U.S. 233 (1853), 251 (Catron, J.)
54. Rundle, 101 (Daniel, J.)
55. Marshall, 352-54; U.S. Constitution, Art. IV, 2, cl. 1
56. Corfield v. Coryell, 6 Federal Cases 546 (1823), 551-52 (U.S. Circuit Court, Pa. Dist.)
57. Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 38 U.S. 519, 541-42, 547, 552 (1839)
58. Michael Kent Curtis, "Historical Linguistics, Inkblots, and Life after Death: The Privileges or Immunities of Citizens of the United Stales," North Carolina Law Review 78 (Apr. 2000): 1098-132
59. Bank of Augusta, 586-88 (Taney, C.J.)
60. Perrine v. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, 50 U.S. 172 (1850) (Taney, C.J.)
61. Lafayette Insurance Company v. French, 59 U.S. 404 (1855) (Curtis, J.; Campbell, J., dissenting)
62. Campbell, J., dissenting); Covington Drawbridge Company v. Shepherd et al., 61 U.S. 227 (1857), 233-34 (hereafter Covington Drawbridge I) (Taney, C.J.)
63. R[oswell] M. Field to M[ontgomery] Blair, St. Louis, Jan. 7, 1855, typescript, Dred Scott Collection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis
64. Field to Blair, Jan. 7, 1855
65. Proprietors of Charles River Bridge v. Proprietors of Warren Bridge, 36 U.S. 420 (1837)
66. Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. 518 (1819)
67. Robert C. Palmer, "Obligations of Contracts: Intent and Distortion," Case Western Reserve Law Review 37.4 (1987): 631-73
68. Walter Ehrlich, They Have No Rights: Dred Scott's Struggle for Freedom (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979), 9-29
69. Lea VanderVelde and Sandhya Subramanian, "Mrs. Dred Scott," Yale Law Journal 106 (Jan. 1997): 1059-17
70. Walter Ehrlich, "The Origins of the Dred Scott Case," Journal of Negro History 59 (Apr. 1974): 132-42
71. Eric T. Dean Jr., "Reassessing Dred Scott: The Possibilities of Federal Power in the Antebellum Context," University of Cincinnati Law Review 60 (Winter 1992): 713-55
72. Dred Scott v. Emerson, 15 Mo. 576 (1852)
73. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 13 American State Trials 242 (U.S. Circuit Court, Mo. Dist., 1854)
74. John A. Campbell to Samuel Tyler, New Orleans, Nov. 24, 1870, in Samuel Tyler, Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney, LL. D., Chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (Baltimore: J. Murphy & Co., 1872), 382-84
75. John Catron to Samuel Treat, Nashville, May 31, 1857, Samuel Treat Papers, Missouri Historical Society
76. John Catron to James Buchanan, Washington, Feb. 19, 1857, in The Works of James Buchanan, Comprising his Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence, ed. John Bassett Moore, 12 vols. (1908-11; rpt., New York: Antiquarian Press, 1960), 10:106
77. Robert C. Grier to James Buchanan, Washington, Feb. 23, 1857, in Works of Buchanan 10:106-8
78. Scott v. Emerson and cited by Nelson
79. Mahoney v. Ashton, 4 Harris and McHenry 295 (Md., 1802), 322, 325
80. Collins v. America (a woman of color), 9 B. Monroe 565 (Ky., 1849)
81. Graham v. Strader, 173
82. Rankin v. Lydia (a pauper), 2 A. K. Marsh 467 (Ky., 1820)
83. Foster v. Fosters, 10 Grattan 485 (Va., 1853)
84. Hunter v. Fulcher, 1 Leigh 172 (Va., 1829)
85. Lewis v. Fullerton, 1 Randolph 15 (Va., 1821)
86. Dred Scott v. Sandford, Argument of Montgomery Blair, of Counsel for the Plaintiff in Error (U.S. Supreme Court, Dec. Term, 1856), 17-18
87. Blair Family Papers (container 48), Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (hereafter Blair Brief)
88. (quoting Pease v. Peck, 59 U.S. 595 [1855], 599)
89. Rowan et al. v. Runnels, 46 U.S. 134 (1847)
90. Swift v. Tyson, 41 U.S. 1 (1842)
91. Campbell to Tyler, Nov. 24, 1870
92. Roger B. Taney, "Supplement to the Dred Scott Decision [1858]," in Tyler, Taney Memoirs, 578-608
93. Dred Scott v. Sandford, Taney page proofs, version I (U.S. Supreme Court, 1857); and Dred Scott v. Sandford, Taney page proofs, version II (U.S. Supreme Court, 1857), both in Opinions in Appellate Cases (container 52, file 3230), RG 267, National Archives
94. Brewer's Lessee v. Blougher, 39 U.S. 178 (1839), 183-84
95. United States v. Rogers, 45 U.S. 567 (1846), 573
96. United States v. Richie, 58 U.S. 525 (1854) (Nelson, J.-Campbell, J., concurring; Daniel, J., absent)
97. Taney page proofs I, 4-5, 18-19; Dred Scott, 403-4, 422-23
98. Roger B. Taney to William Carroll, Washington, D.C., Apr. 6, 1857, Official Correspondence: Letters to and from the Justices (container 2, Taney File), Clerk's Files, RG 267 (order signed by Wayne and Daniel)
99. Roger B. Taney to Benjamin Robbins Curtis, Baltimore, Apr. 25, 1857, (container 1), Curtis Papers
100. Dartmouth College, 666-714 (Story, J.)
101. Groves et al. v. Slaughter, 40 U.S. (15 Peters) 449, 508-510 (1841) (Taney, C. J.)
102. Carl Brent Swisher, The Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise History of the Supreme Court of the United States Vol. 5: The Taney Period, 1836-64 (New York: Macmillan, 1974), 67-70
103. John P. Frank, just ice Daniel Dissenting: A Biography of Peter V. Daniel, 1784-1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1964)
104. (Emmerich de Vattel, The Law of Nations; or, the Principles of the Law of Nature Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns, trans. Joseph Chitty [Philadelphia: T. & J. W. Johnson, 1856], 1)
105. State v. Mann, 13 N.C. 263, 266 (1829); Dred Scott, 475-76
106. Illinois General Assembly, An Act to Prevent the Immigration of Free Negroes into This State, General Laws of the State of Illinois (Springfield, 1853)
107. Indiana Constitution (1851), art. 13, in The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies, Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America, ed. Francis Newton Thorpe, 7 vols. (Grosse Pointe, Mich.: Scholarly Press, 1968), 2:1073-95
108. Hatwood v. State, 18 Ind. 492 (1862)
109. Barkshire v. State, 7 Ind. 309 (1856)
110. Bryan v. Walton, 14 Ga. 185 (1853)
111. Cooper v. Savannah, 4 Ga. 68 (1848)
112. Roberts v. Boston, 59 Mass. 198 (1849)
113. State v. Jowers, 33 N. C. 555 (1850)
114. State v. Harrison, 11 Louisianna Annual 772 (1856)
115. Hughes v. Jackson, 12 Md. 450 (1858)
116. State v. Manuel, 20 N.C. 144 (1838)
117. State v. Edmund, 15 N.C. 340 (1838)
118. Hobbs v. Fogg, 6 Watts 553 (Pa. Dist., 1837)
119. Opinion of Peter V. Daniel of the United States Supreme Court in the Famous Dred Scott Case: Original Manuscript, pp. 2, 4, Gilder Lehrman Collection, Morgan Library, New York, N.Y
120. Gassies v. Ballon, 31 U.S. 761 (1832)
121. Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of New York v. Miln, 36 U.S. 102 (1837)
122. Cooler v. Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia, 53 U.S. 299 (1851)
123. License Cases, 46 U.S. 504 (1847)
124. Permoli v. Municipality No. 1 of New Orleans, 44 U.S. 589 (1845)
125. Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. 243 (1833)
126. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824)
127. Caleb Cushing, "Relation of Indians to Citizenship," Opinions of the Attorney Generals of the United States 7:746-56
128. Houston v. Moore, 18 U.S. 1 (1820)
129. Collet v. Collet, 2 U.S. 294 (1792)
130. United States Statutes at Large 1:414-15
131. William J. Cooper, Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860 (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1983), 219-21
132. Earl M. Maltz, "The Unlikely Hero of Dred Scott: Benjamin R. Curtis and the Constitutional Law of Slavery," Cardozo Law Review 17 (May 1996): 1995-2016
133. Undated, handwritten document in Curtis Papers (container 1, folio no. 4209-4212)
134. Covington Drawbridge I, 233-34
135. Zabriskie v. Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad Company et al., 64 U.S. 381 (1859) (Campbell, J., for court; Daniel J., not sitting)
136. Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company v. Quigley, 62 U.S. 202 (1858) (Campbell, J., for court; Daniel, J., dissenting)
137. Tony Allan Freyer, Forums of Order: The Federal Courts and Business in American History (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1979), 110-12, 119n60
138. Edward A. Purcell, Litigation and Inequality: Federal Diversity Jurisdiction in Industrial America, 1870-1958 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992), 59-86
139. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1977)
140. James Willard Hurst, Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth-Century United States (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1956)
141. Peter Karsten, Heart versus Head: Judge-Made Law in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1997)
142. Judith Kelleher Schafer, Slavery, the Civil Law, and the Supreme Court of Louisiana (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1994)
143. Thomas D. Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1996), 61-158
144. Thomas D. Russell, "A New Image of the Slave Auction: An Empirical Look at the Role of Law in Slave Sales and a Conceptual Reevaluation of Slave Property," Cardozo Law Review 18 (Nov. 1996): 473-523
145. Jenny Bourne Wahl, The Bondsman's Burden: An Economic Analysis of the Common Law of Southern Slavery (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998)
146. Paul Finkelman, Schaffer, Andrew Fede, and Robert Cottroll American Journal of Legal History 31 (Oct. 1987)
147. Ariela Julie Gross, Double Character: Slavery and Mastery in the Antebellum Southern Courtroom (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000), 22-71
148. Eugene D. Genovese, The Slaveholders' Dilemma: Freedom and Progress in Southern Conservative Thought, 1820-1860 (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1992)
149. James Oakes, Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1990)
150. Cheryl I. Harris, "Whiteness as Property," Harvard Law Review, 106 (June 1993): 579-600