"In a war against the Spanish": Andean protection and African resistance on the northern Peruvian coast

Americas

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 19-52

  O'Toole, Rachel Sarah ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60949897955     PISSN: 00031615     EISSN: 15336247     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/tam.2006.0129     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. "Expediente...contra Juan Lázaro negro y Juan Esteban mulato sobre haber salteado y robado a unos indios pasajeros," ADL. Ca. Cr. Leg. 79. Exp. 1353 (1642), f. 23
2. Noble David Cook, Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru, 1520-1620 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 120
3. Susan Ramírez, Provincial Patriarchs: Land Tenure and the Economics of Power in Colonial Peru (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), pp. 82-83
4. Ileana Vegas de Cáceres, Economía Rural y Estructura Social en las Haciendas de Lima durante el Siglo XVIII (Lima: PUCP, 1996), p. 35
5. Karen Spalding, Huarochirí: An Andean Society Under Inca and Spanish Rule (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984), p. 158
6. Ann Wightman, Indigenous Migration and Social Change: The Forasteros of Cuzco, 1570-1720 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990), p. 12
7. Brooke Larson, Cochabamba 1550-1900: Colonialism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), pp. 67-68
8. Larco Herrera, Anales, cites f. 140v
9. Manuel Burga, De la Encomienda a la Hacienda Capitalista. El Valle de Jequetepeque del Siglo XVI al XX (Lima: IEP, 1976), pp. 52, 64, 67, 80, 93, 119
10. Nicolas Cushner, Lords of the Land: Sugar, Wine, and Jesuit Estates of Coastal Peru, 1600-1767 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1980), pp. 15, 23, 82
11. Keith Davies, Landowners in Colonial Peru (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984), pp. 25, 35, 50, 53, 62
12. Susan Ramírez, The World Turned Upside Down: Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), pp. 10, 37, 43
13. Larson, Cochabamba, Chapter Two
14. Wightman, Indigenous, Chapter Five
15. Ann Zulawski, They Eat from Their Labor: Work and Social Change in Colonial Bolivia (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995), pp. 84, 146-147
16. Thierry Saignes, "Indian Migration and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Charcas," in Ethnicity, Markets, and Migration in the Andes: At the Crossroads of History and Anthropology. Brooke Larson, Olivia Harris, Enrique Tandeter, editors (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), p. 169. As Alejandro Diez Hurtado has indicated, coastal indigenous leaders employed secular courts and religious confraternities to protect and to define their transformed colonial communities
17. Alejandro Diez Hurtado, Fiestas y Cofradias: Asociaciones Religiosas e_Integración en la Historia de la Comunidad de Sechura Siglos XVII al XX (Piura: CIPCA, 1994), pp. 83, 182
18. Davies, Landowners, p. 35
19. Vegas de Cáceres, Economía, p. 133
20. For similar strategies of indigenous laborers see Zulawski, They Eat, pp. 176-177, 195
21. Larson, Cochabamba, pp. 84. 86
22. Wightman, Indigenous, pp. 82-85
23. Frederick Bowser, African Slave in Colonial Peru 1524-1650 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), pp. 126, 299
24. Bowser, African, pp. 197, 199, 204
25. Ben Vinson III, Bearing Arms for His Majesty: The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001). Free men of color in Paita and Piura, important ports on the far northern Peruvian coast, appear to have been members of a local militia in the early seventeenth century as in Callao and Lima
26. Carlos Aguirre, Agentes de su propia libertad: Los Esclavos de Lima y la desintegración de la esclavitud 1821-1854 (Lima: PUCP, 1993)
27. Peter Blanchard, Slavery & Abolition in Early Republican Peru (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, Inc.; 1992)
28. María Eugenia Chaves, Honor y libertad: Discursos y Recursos en la Estrategia de Libertad de una Mujer Esclava (Guayaquil a fines del periodo colonial) (Sweden: Departamento de Historia e Instituto Iberoamericano de la Universidad de Gotemburgo, 2001)
29. Christine Hünefeldt, Paying the Price of Freedom: Family and Labor Among Lima's Slaves, 1800-1854 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994)
30. Jean-Pierre Tardieu, El Negro en el Cusco: Los caminos de la alienación en la segunda mitad del siglo XVII (Lima: PUCP/Banco Central de Reserva del Perú, 1998)
31. Los Negros y la iglesia en el Perú: siglos XVI - XVII. 2 tomos (Quito: Centro Cultural Afroecuatoriano, 1997)
32. Antonio de la Calancha, Crónica Moralizada del orden de San Augustin en el Peru, (Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 1974 [1638]), p. 1230
33. Modesto Rubiños y Andrade, "Noticia previa por el Liz. don Justo Modesto Rubiños y Andrade, cura de Mórrope, año de 1782," Revista Histórica [Lima] 10:3 (1936), p. 320
34. Anómino, "Fragmento de una Historia de Trujillo," Revista Histórica 8:1 (1925), pp. 97, 98
35. Balthasar Ramírez, "Descripción del Reyno del Piru del sitio temple. Rouincias, obispados, y ciudades, de los Naturales de sus lenguas y trage," in Quellen zur Kulturgeschichte des präkolumbischen Amerika (Stuttgart: Streker and Schröder, [1597] 1936), p. 29
36. Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa, Compendium and Description the West Indies (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, [1621] 1942), pp. 390, 393, 394
37. Fray Diego de Ocaña, Un Viaje Fascinante por la America Hispana del Siglo XVI (Madrid: Stvdivm, [1605?] 1969), p. 66
38. For purchases of Castillan products in Panama see Susana Aldana, Empresas coloniales: Las Tinas de Jabon en Piura (Piura: CIPCA/Instituto Frances de Estudios Andinos, 1989), p. 59
39. Herbert Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 28
40. Ramírez, Provincial, pp. 45, 83, 163
41. Burga, De la Encomienda, p. 115
42. Cheryl English Martin, Rural Society in Colonial Morelos (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985), pp. 27, 51, 88
43. William B. Taylor, Landlord and Peasant in Colonial Oaxaca (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972), pp. 29, 66, 84, 107
44. Patrick Carroll, Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race, Ethnicity, and Regional Development (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001), pp. 35, 50, 62, 72-73, 78
45. Ward Barrett, The Sugar Hacienda of the Marqueses del Valle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970), pp. 74, 87-99
46. Jane Landers, "Black-Indian Interaction in Spanish Florida," Colonial Latin American Historical Review 2:2 (Spring 1993), p. 158
47. Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Ress, 1992), p. 98
48. Daniel H. Usner Jr., Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley before 1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), p. 93
49. Martin, Rural, pp. 25-26, 51, 60-61
50. As such, revisiting questions posed for colonial Lima by Jesús Cosamalón Aguilar, Indios detrás de la muralla. Matrimonios indígenas y convivencia inter-racial en Santa Ana (Lima, 1795-1820) (Lima: PUCP, 1999)
51. Emilio Harth-terré, Negros e Indios: Un Estamento Social Ignorado del Peru Colonial (Lima: Editorial Juan Meja Baca, 1973)
52. Luis Millones, "Población Negra en el Peru. Analisis de la posicion social del Negro durante la dominacion española," in Minorias Etnicas en el Peru (Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1973)
53. For Córdoba and Veracruz, see Adriana Naveda Chavez, Esclaves negros en las haciendas azucareras de Córdoba 1690-1830 (Jalapa: Universidad Veracruzana, 1987)
54. Anómino, "Fragmento," pp. 90-93
55. Miguel Feijóo de Sosa, Relación descriptiva de la ciudad y provincia de Truxillo del Perú (Lima: Fondo del Libro. Banco Industrial del Peru, [1763] 1984), pp. 29-30
56. Kontezke, Colección, vol. 2, t. 1, pt. 1, p. 145
57. Konetzke, Colección, v. 2, t. 1, pt. 2, p. 401
58. Larco Herrera, Anales, cites ff. 238v-242
59. Larco, Anales, ff. 59-60v
60. "Auto...del caso de un negro esclavo de Juan Baptista de Espinosa que mató dos indios por iobaiie y quitarle lo que tenía en valle Chicama," ADL. Co. Cr. Leg. 243. Exp. 2393 (1626), f. 16v
61. Hünefeldt, Paying, pp. 74. 126
62. "Expediente seguido por Diego de Alarcon...sobre las cuchilladas que dieron a Pedro negro esclavo del ingenio de Chicama," ADL. Co. Cr. Leg. 243. Exp. 2407 (1627), f. 2
63. "Expediente...contra varios negros zimarrones esclavos por haber huído del poder de sus amos y haberse resistido cuando fueron aprehendidos por las autoridades," ADL. Ca. Cr. Leg. 78. Exp. 1284 (1609)
64. "De la pendencia entre Hernando Cacho esclavo de Andres Careaga y Juan Bran, esclavo de Juan Hernández," ADL. Co. Cr. Leg. 240. Exp. 2258 (1614)
65. Pablo Macera, "Los Jesuitas y la agricultura de la caña," Nueva visión del Perú, p. 215
66. Cushner, Lords, pp. 91-92
67. "Expediente seguido por Juana Quispe, india mujer lex. de Juan Cipirán, difunto, indio natural Cao con Matheo negro esclavo de Juan Gutierrez de Farias, residente en valle Chicama," ADL. Co. Cr. Leg. 242. Exp. 2375 (1625)
68. Karen Powers, Andean Journeys: Migration, Ethnogenesis, and the State in Colonial Quito (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), p. 51
69. Archivo Sagrario. Libro de casimientos de mixtos (1619-1753)
70. David Cahill, "Colour by Numbers: Racial and Ethnic Categories in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1532-1821," Journal of Latin American Studies 26:2 (May 1994), p. 335
71. For 1601, see Cushner, Lords, pp. 14, 81. For 1607
72. Konetzke, Colección, tomo I, pp. 237-240
73. "Expediente seguido por don Antonio Solano de Suazo, Alcalde de la Santa Hermandad, contra don Francisco negro criollo esclavo," ADL. Ca. Cr. Leg. 79. Exp. 1336 (1626)
74. Larco, Anales, cites ff. 238v-242
75. Konetzke, Coleccíon, vol. 2, tomo 1, pt. 1, pp. 63, 64
76. Konetzke, Colección, I, pp. 384-388
77. Victoria Espinosa Descalzo, "Cimarronaje y palenques en la costa central del Perú: 1700-1815," in Primer seminario sobre poblaciones inmigrantes. Actas. Lima, 9 7 10 de mayo de 1986. Tomo 2 (Lima: Consejo Nactional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, 1988), p. 31
78. See Larco Herrera, Anales, cites f. 100
79. Anne Marie Hocquenghem, et al "Eventos El Niño y lluvias anormales en la costa del Perú: siglos XVI-XIX," Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines 21:1 (1992), p. 148
80. David Barry Gaspar, "Runaways in Seventeenth-century Antigua, West Indies," Boletín de estudios latinoamericanos y del Caribe 26 (1979), p. 9
81. Anne Hilton, The Kingdom of Kongo (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), pp. 110-111
82. Joseph C. Miller, "Central Africa During the Era of the Slave Trade, c. 1490s-1850s," in Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora, Linda Heywood, editor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 26, 36-37
83. Joseph C. Miller, Kings and Kinsmen: Early Mbundu States in Angola (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), pp. 232, 237, 240-241
84. Stuart Schwartz, "Rethinking Palmares: Slave Resistance in Colonial Brazil," in Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels: Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery (Urbana: University of Illinois press, 1992), p. 125
85. Robert Nelson Anderson, "The Quilombo of Palmares: A New Overview of a Marron State in Seventeenth-Century Brazil," Journal of Latin American Studies 28:3 (1996), pp. 555, 557, 565
86. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 100-102
87. Miller, Kings, p. 232; ADL. Ca. Cr. Leg. 79. Exp. 1350 (1640), ff. 18v, 22, 23v, 30
88. McKnight, "Confronted," paragraph 127
89. Laura Lewis, Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft, and Caste in Colonial Mexico (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), pp. 69, 72, 101