Kants cosmopolitan patriotism

Kant-Studien

Volumn 94, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 299-316

  Kleingeld, Pauline ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 60949874654     PISSN: 00228877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/kant.2003.017     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Hans Hubrig: Die patriotischen Gesellschaften des 18. Jahrhunderts (Diss. Göttingen, 1950), Appendix I to p. 20.
2. Stephen Nathanson: Nationalism and the Limits of Global Humanism. In: Robert McKim, Jeff McMahan, eds.: The Morality of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1997, 176-187, here p.178.
3. Martha C. Nussbaum: Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism. In: Martha C. Nussbaum et al.: For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, ed. Joshua Cohen. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996, 2-17, here p.14.
4. Benjamin R. Barber: Constitutional Faith. In: Nussbaum et al.: For Love of Country, 30-37;
5. Gertrude Himmelfarb: The Illusions of Cosmopolitanism. In: Nussbaum et al.: For Love of Country, 72-77.
6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Du Contrat Social, Manuscrit De Genève. In: Oeuvres complètes, ed. Michel Launay, Vol. 2. Paris: Éditions du Seuill, 1971, p. 395.
7. Cp. Émile ou De l'Éducation. In: Oeuvres complètes, ed. Michel Launay, Vol. 3 (Paris: Éditions du Seuill, 1971), p. 21.
8. Schlosser: Der Kosmopolit. In: Deutsches Museum 1777/1, 106: "Wem alles zu Hause wohl steht, oder wem's zu Hause nicht mehr gefällt, oder wer keine Heimat hat, der werde ein Kosmopolit! - Wer's ist, nie in meinem Vaterlande! Der Jedermannsbürger ist ein Jedermannsfreund. Patriotismus hebt die Menschenliebe nicht auf; aber Menschenliebe und Vaterlandsliebe müssen untergeordnet sein. Stolz auf seine Nation seyn, ist besser als keine haben; und die andern Nationen, im Gefühl seiner Freyheit und seines Werths, verachten, ist besser als den andern dienen, oder den andern nachäffen."
9. As far as I know, there are only two recent essays that deal with the topic: Manfred Riedel: Menschenrechtsuniversalismus und Patriotismus: Kants politisches Vermächtnis an unsere Zeit. In: Politik und Ethik, ed. Kurt Bayertz. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1996, 331-361;
10. Georg Cavallar: Kant and the Theory and Practice of International Right. Cardiff: University of Wales Press: 1999, 132-145. Riedel provides a very instructive overview of the relevant passages in Kant's work. Cavallar discusses Riedel's essay and draws insightful parallels between Kant's discussion of patriotism and the current debate about 'constitutional patriotism'.
11. Marcia Baron argues that is it not inconsistent to accept an impartial conception of morality while believing patriotism to be a virtue. But when she specifies what it means for patriotism to be a virtue, this is always in terms of the permissibility of patriotism, not its being a duty. (Marcia Baron: Patriotism and 'Liberal' Morality. In: Mind, Value, and Culture: Essays in Honor of E. M. Adams, ed. David Weissbord. Atascadero: Ridgeview, 1989, 269-300.)
12. Alan Gewirth shows that ethical universalism can justify certain kinds of ethical particularism, one of which is patriotism. He provides the basic model for a justification of patriotism, but despite his explicit intentions, he does not address the question whether patriotism is required or permissible or both. This latter problem is also found in Stephen Nathanson, "In Defense of 'Moderate Patriotism.'" (See, Alan Gewirth: Ethical Universalism and Particularism. In: Journal of Philosophy 85, 1988, 283-302;
13. Stephen Nathanson: In Defense of 'Moderate Patriotism'. In: Ethics 99,1989, 535-552.)
14. discuss the compatibility of patriotism with recent 'Kantian' (including Rawlsian) political theory in my essay, Kantian Patriotism, in: Philosophy and Public Affairs 29 (2000), 313-341.
15. James Bohman and Matthias Lutz-Bachmann, eds.: Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant's Cosmopolitan Ideal. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997;
16. Volker Gerhardt: Immanuel Kants Entwurf "Zum ewigen Frieden": Eine Theorie der Politik. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995;
17. Otfried Hoffe, ed.: Immanuel Kant, Zum ewigen Frieden. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1995;
18. Klaus-Michael Kodalle, ed.: Der Vernunftfrieden: Kants Entwurf im Widerstreit. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann, 1996;
19. Reinhard Merkel and Roland Wittmann, eds.: Zum ewigen Frieden: Grundlage, Aktualität und Aussichten einer Idee Von Immanuel Kant. Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp, 1996.
20. On Kant's conception of cosmopolitan law, see Reinhard Brandt: Vom Weltbürgerrecht. In: Hoffe: Immanuel Kant: Zum ewigen Frieden, 133-148,
21. my article: Kant's Cosmopolitan Law: World Citizenship for a Global Order. In: Kantian Review 2, 1998, 72-90.
22. Despite this, some of Kant's writings contain racist remarks that give us reason to doubt whether Kant regarded members of non-European 'races' as capable of moral autonomy and hence as having full moral standing. As is the case with Kant's views on women, there is an unresolvable tension between what Kant says about "human beings" and "rational beings" in general, and what he says about the capacities of 'Negroes,' 'Indians,' and 'Americans,' in particular. For excellent discussions of the racism in Kant's work, see Mark Larrimore: Sublime Waste: Kant on the Destiny of the 'Races'. In: Civilization and Oppression, edited by Catherine Wilson. Alberta: University of Calgary Press, 1999, 99-125;
23. Robert Bernasconi: Kant as an Unfamiliar Source of Racism. In Philosophy on Race, ed. Tommy Lott and Julie Ward. Oxford: Blackwell 2002.
24. For a good description of the history of this form of patriotism (albeit with a purist contention that it is the only true form of patriotism), see Maurizio Viroli: For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
25. See, Rudolf Vierhaus, ed.: Deutsche patriotische und gemeinnützige Gesellschaften. München: Kraus International, 1980,
26. Hans Hubrig: Die patriotischen Gesellschaften des 18. Jahrhunderts (see note 1 above).
27. See, e.g., the Patriotische Phantasien eines Wirtembergers. In: Deutsches Museum 1781/11, 18-27.
28. See, with nationalist bias, Friedrich Meinecke: Cosmopolitanism and the National State, trans. Robert B. Kimber. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970 [orig. German ed. 1907], 45-6, 55, 61-2.
29. For a good account of the distinction between perfect and imperfect duties, see Thomas E. Hill, Jr.: Dignity and Practical Reason in Kant's Moral Theory. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, 147-175.
30. On the issue of latitude, see also Marcia W Baron: Kantian Ethics Almost Without Apology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995, 88-107.
31. In the absence of any such argument, one cannot provide an adequate reply to Paul Gomberg's challenge that nationalist patriotism is as wrong as racism. See Paul Gomberg: Patriotism is Like Racism. In: Ethics 101, 1990, 144-150.
32. For a more detailed discussion see, Wolfgang Kersting: Wohlgeordnete Freiheit: Immanuel Kants Rechts- und Staatsphilosophie.
33. 21993. See also Howard Williams: Kant's Political Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1983,
34. Allen D. Rosen: Kant's Theory of Justice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.
35. See Onora O'Neill: Instituting Principles. In: Kant's 'Metaphysics of Morals', edited by Nelson Potter and Mark Timmons, Southern Journal of Philosophy 36, supplement (1997, 79-96.
36. 21991. In this essay, I assume for the sake of argument that it makes sense to speak of nations.