Slavery, the Fox Wars, and the limits of alliance

William and Mary Quarterly

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 53-80

  Rushforth, Brett ^a  

^a BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60949855417     PISSN: 00435597     EISSN: 1933-769     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3491725     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. "[Proceedings in French Council of Marine, March 28, 1716], " in Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites (Madison, Wis., 1902), 16: 340. In this report the council noted thiscomment from the governor and concurred.
2. Marcel Trudel, Dictionnaire des esclaves et de leurs proprié tairesau Canada français, nouvelle édition revue et corrigée(Ville LaSalle, Quebec, 1990), 141.
3. Louise Phelps Kellogg, The French Régime in Wisconsin and the Northwest (Madison, Wis., 1925);
4. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge, 1991), 149, 185.
5. Yves F. Zoltvany, Philippe de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Governor of New France, 1703-1725 (Toronto, Ontario, 1974), 121 ("chronicbelligerence" );
6. Kellogg, French Régime, 302 ("fierce barbaric impulse").
7. White, Middle Ground, 175, 183 (quotations).
8. Louis Hennepin, A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America (1698;repr., Chicago, 1903), 1: 132-37.
9. Hennepin, New Discovery, 1: 134;
10. Claude Charles LeRoy, Sieur de Bacqueville de la Potherie, in Emma Helen Blair, ed. and trans., The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes ... (Cleveland, Ohio, 1911), 1: 356-72.
11. a conclusion shared by William James Newbigging, "The History of the French-Ottawa Alliance: 1613-1763" (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1995), esp. 120-58.
12. Gilles Havard, The Great Peace of Montreal of 1701: French-Native Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century, trans. Phyllis Aronoff and Howard Scott(Montreal, Quebec, 2001), esp. chap. 5;
13. W. J. Eccles, The Canadian Frontier: 1534-1760 (New York, 1969), 135-39;
14. Susan Sleeper-Smith, Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes (Amherst, Mass., 2001), 19.
15. "Lettre de Lamothe Cadillac au Ministre à propos del'établissement du Détroit, " Oct. 18, 1700, in série C11A, 14: 56-59, Le Centre des archives d'outre-mer.
16. For Dubuisson, see Donald Chaput, "Renaud Dubuisson, Jacques-Charles, " Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 2, s.v."Renaud."
17. For the power of slaves to cement alliances, see Brett Rushforth, "'A Little Flesh We Offer You': The Origins of Indian Slavery in New France, " William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 60, no. 4 (October 2003):785-87.
18. Charlevoix, History, 5: 261, 263.
19. White, Middle Ground, 145.
20. Rushforth, WMQ 60: esp. 781-85;
21. Daniel K. Richter, "War and Culture: The Iroquois Experience, "WMQ 40, no. 4 (October 1983): 528-59.
22. See documents in Thwaites, Wis. Hist. Coll., 16: 295-344.
23. Charlevoix, History, 5: 306.
24. For Vincenne at the Fox siege, see [Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry], "[1712: Another Account of the Siege of Detroit], " in Thwaites, Wis. Hist. Coll., 16: 294 (quotations).
25. Trudel, Dictionnaire, 7.
26. For hemp, see Rushforth, "Savage Bonds, " 71-73.
27. Deliette supported French attacks on the Fox, leading many of theseattacks himself, accompanied by Illinois warriors. In 1727 and 1728, Delietteattacked a Fox-Sauk encampment near the southern tip of Lake Michigan, promptinga new round of reprisals (see Edmunds and Peyser, Fox Wars, 108-11).
28. Charlevoix, History and General Description of New France, 5: 256-57.
29. For the best overview of the French state, see James B. Collins, The State in Early Modern France (Cambridge, 1995).
30. For a helpful overview of the French-language literature, see Alain Guéry, "L'historien, la crise et l'État, " Annales:Histoire, Sciences Sociales 52 (1997): 233-56.
31. For a useful, if dated, discussion of the complex interests involved in French overseas administration, see Daniel Dessert and Jean-Louis Journet, "Le lobby Colbert: un royaume, ou une affaire de famille?" Annales:É́conomies, Sociétés, Civilisations 30, no. 4(November-December 1975): 1303-36.
32. For the state in provincial France, a helpful analogy, see Sharon Kettering, Patrons, Brokers, and Clients in Seventeenth-Century France (New York, 1986).
33. For the French empire in the Americas as diluted or failed absolutism, see Kenneth J. Banks, Chasing Empire across the Sea: Communications and the State in the French Atlantic, 1713-1763 (Montreal, Quebec, 2002), esp. 184-216;
34. James H. Merrell has described White's vision of this cultural milieu as"a kaleidoscopic array of peoples immigrating and merging in dizzyingprofusion ... a bewildering, and all but hidden, welter of combination andrecombination" (Merrell, "Indian History during the English Colonial Era, " in A Companion to Colonial America, ed. Daniel Vickers [Maiden, Mass., 2003], 129).
35. White, Middle Ground, 143, 145.