An experimental station for lawmaking: Congress and the District of Columbia, 1862-1878

Civil War History

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 29-53

  Harrison, Robert ^a,b  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60949679562     PISSN: 00098078     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/cwh.2007.0013     Document Type: Review

References (123)

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3. Robert Harrison, "The Ideal of a Model City: Congress and the District of Columbia, 1905-1909," Journal of Urban History 15 (1989): 435-63
4. Howard Gillette Jr., Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D.C. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1995), chap. 3
5. Katherine Masur, "Reconstructing the Nation's Capital: The Politics of Race and Citizenship in the District of Columbia, 1862-1878" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan, 2001)
6. Thomas R. Johnson, "Reconstruction Politics in Washington: 'An Experimental Garden for Radical Plants,'" Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50 (1980): 180-90
7. James H. Whyte, The Uncivil War: Washington during the Reconstruction, 1865-1878 (New York: Twayne, 1958)
8. Constance M. Green, Washington: Village and Capital, 1800-18/8 (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1962), 291-382
9. Melvin R. Williams, "A Blueprint for Change: The Black Community in Washington, D.C., 1860-1870," Records of the Columbia Historical Society 48 (1972): 359-93
10. New National Era, Aug. 7, 1873
11. Journal of the 65th Council (Washington, D.C., 1868), 689
12. Washington Daily Patriot, Sept. 26 and Nov. 21, 1872
13. Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st sess. (hereafter CG), 282
14. New York World, Dec. 20, 1866
15. Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Governments Relation to Slavery, ed. Ward M. McAfee (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001), 67, 49-88 passim
16. Stanley Harrold, Subversives: Antislavery Community in Washington, D.C., 1828-1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 2003), 30-32, 34-35, 107-10, 163-67
17. James B. Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery, rev. ed. (New York: Hill & Wang, 1996), 81-88
18. Gilbert H. Barnes, The Antislavery Impulse, 1830-1844 (1933; reprint, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964), 109-46
19. Robert P. Ludlum, "The Antislavery 'Gag Rule': History and Arguments," Journal of Negro History 26 (Apr. 1941): 203-43
20. William Lee Miller, Arguing about Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress (New York: Knopf, 1996)
21. CG, 37.2:1350, 1353, 1472
22. House Committee on the District of Columbia, Report to Accompany Bill No. 108 (Emancipation of Slaves in the District of Columbia), 37.2 (Feb. 13, 1862); Sen. Report 12, ser. 1125
23. Allen Guelzo, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004)
24. Sylvana R. Siddali, From Property to Person: Slavery and the Confiscation Acts, 1861-1862 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 2004)
25. Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001)
26. Allan G. Bogue, The Earnest Men: Republicans of the Civil War Senate (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1981), pt. 2
27. Leonard P. Curry, Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress (Nashville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1968), chaps. 2-4
28. Michael J. Kurtz, "Emancipation in the Federal City," Civil War History 24 (1978): 252-56
29. Henry Wilson, A History of the Antislavery Measures of the Thirty-Seventh and Thirty-Eighth United States Congresses (Boston: Walker, Wise, 1864), 38-78
30. CG, 38.1:1995
31. CG, 39.1:2719
32. CG, 40.1:290
33. Journal of the 63rd Council, 182-89
34. John Kimball to Charles H. Howard, Jan. 19, 1867, U.S. Senate, SEN 39A-E4 DC, RG 46, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. (NARA)
35. Annual Report of Board of Trustees of Colored Schools, in Washington Daily Morning Chronicle, Nov. 8, 1867
36. Wilhelmus B. Bryan, A History of the National Capital, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1914-16), 2:524-28
37. Carolyn Collins, "Mayor Sayles J. Bowen and the Beginnings of Negro Education," Records of the Columbia Historical Society 42 (1956): 293-308
38. David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York: Knopf, 1970), 154
39. Noah Brooks, Washington, D.C. in Lincoln's Time (Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 1989), 191-93
40. Olive Gilbert, ed., Narrative of Sojourner Truth, a Bondswoman of Olden Time (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991), 184-87
41. Carleton Mabee, Sojourner Truth - Slave, Prophet, Legend (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1993), 129-38
42. Patrick W. Riddleberger, 1866: The Critical Year Revisited (Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1979), 106
43. Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863-1869 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), 41-43, 103-16, 124, 130, 134-39
44. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 221-24, 241-42
45. Hans L. Trefousse, The Radical Republicans: Lincoln's Vanguard for Racial justice (New York: Knopf, 1968), 310-19
46. Eric L. McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1960), 55-59
47. Xi Wang, The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage and Northern Republicans, 1860-1910 (Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 1997), 28-31
48. Richard H. Abbott, Cobbler in Congress: The Life of Henry Wilson, 1812-1875 (Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1972), 173-77
49. William Gillette, The Right to Vote: Politics and the Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1965), 25-29
50. Phyllis R. Field, "Republicans and Black Suffrage in New York State: The Grass Roots Response," Civil War History 21 (June 1975): 136-47
51. Robert R. Dykstra, "Iowa: 'Bright Radical Star,'" in James E. Mohr, ed., Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics during Reconstruction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1976), 167-93
52. James E. Mohr, The Radical Republicans and Reform in New York during Reconstruction (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1973), 202-70
53. Edward L. Gambill, "Who Were the Senate Radicals?" Civil War History 11 (Sept. 1965): 237-44
54. Petition of John Francis Cook and 2,500 other Colored Citizens of the District of Columbia, Dec. 11, 1865, Senate Papers 39A-H4 DC, RG 46, NARA
55. letter from Cook in Chronicle, Dec. 19, 1865
56. "A Colored Man's Plea for Suffrage," Chronicle, July 10, 1865
57. Evening Star, July 28, Dec. 12, 1865, Jan. 22, 1866
58. National Intelligencer, July 28, 1865
59. New York Times, Oct. 25, 1865
60. National Republican, Dec. 19, 1865
61. William Tindall, "A Sketch of Mayor Sayles J. Bowen," Records of the Columbia Historical Society 15 (1915): 30-35
62. Mayor Henry Addison to Lafayette S. Foster, President Pro Tem of the Senate, Jan. 12, 1866, Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, SEN 39A-H4, RG 46, NARA
63. John F. Farnsworth (Ill.), CG, 39.1:205-6
64. Josiah B. Grinnell (Iowa), CG, 39.1:223
65. Sen. Lot M. Morrill (Me.), CG, 39.2:39
66. James H. Whyte, "Divided Loyalties in Washington during the Civil War," Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 1960-62 (1963): 103-22
67. Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington, 1861-1865 (New York: Harper, 1941), 27-54
68. Councilman W. W. Moore in Journal of the 64th Council (Washington, D.C., 1867), 711-24
69. CG, 39.2:38-39
70. Senators Benjamin Wade (Ohio), CG, 39.2:63
71. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (N.J.), CG, 39.2:103
72. John Sherman (Ohio), CG, 39.2:307-8
73. Representatives James F. Wilson (Iowa), CG, 39.1:173-75
74. Glenni Scofield (Pa.), CG, 39.1:178-80
75. William D. Kelley (Pa.), CG, 39.1:180-83
76. George W. Julian (Ind.), CG, 39.1:255-59
77. George Boutwell (Mass.), CG, 39.1:308-10
78. Representatives Andrew J. Rogers (N.J.), CG, 39.1:201-2
79. John W. Chanler (N.Y.), CG, 39.1:220-22
80. Senators Thomas A. Hendricks (Ind.), CG, 39.2:106
81. Reverdy Johnson (Md.), CG, 39.2:312
82. Kentucky Senator Garrett Davis. CG, 39.1:245-51
83. House Committee on the District of Columbia, Minority Report on H.R. No.1 (Suffrage in the District of Columbia), 39.1 (Dec. 19, 1865), House Report 2, ser. 1272
84. Representatives Thomas T. Davis, CG, 39.1:215
85. Robert S. Hale, CG, 39.1:279-81
86. Burt Van Horn (all N.Y.), CG, 39.1:283-86
87. Senators Henry Wilson, CG, 39.2:42
88. Samuel C. Pomeroy (Kan.), CG, 39.1:162
89. 39.2:43-44
90. Wilson Thirty-ninth Congress. Abbott, Cobbler in Congress, 180-81
91. The New York World (Jan. 20, 1866)
92. Interview with James Dixon, Jan. 28, 1866, in LeRoy P. Graf and Ralph W. Haskins, eds., The Papers of Andrew Johnson, 16 vols. (Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1967-2000), 9:648
93. La Wanda and John H. Cox (Politics, Principle, and Prejudice, 1865-1866: Dilemma of Reconstruction America [New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963], 177)
94. James L. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1904), 6:472-83
95. LaWanda Cox and John Cox, "Negro Suffrage and Reconstruction Politics: The Problem of Motivation in Reconstruction Historiography," Journal of Southern History 33 (Aug. 1967): 303-30
96. Ellen Carol DuBois, Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848-1869 (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1999)
97. Herman Belz, A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861-1866 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976), 138-82
98. Jean H. Baker, "Defining Postwar Republicanism: Congressional Republicans and the Boundaries of Citizenship," in Robert F. Engs and Randall M. Miller, eds., The Birth of the Grand Old Party: The Republicans' First Generation (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 128-47
99. Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 100-113
100. CG, 40.2:38-40, 49-51, 96, 2260-62
101. CG, 40.3:1080, 1825-26
102. CG, 41.1:30, 79
103. Petition of Citizens of the District of Columbia, Jan. 16, 1866, SEN 39A-H4 DC
104. Petition of the Republican Citizens of the 4th Ward of Washington, D.C., July 16, 1867, Sen. 40A-H5.1 DC, RG 46, NARA
105. Johnson, "City on a Hill," 63-64, 98-99
106. Horton, "Development of Federal Social Policy," 188-93
107. Resolution introduced by Senator Charles Sumner, Dec. 9, 1869, Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, Sen. 41A-S.2 DC, RG 42, NARA
108. CG, 41.2:1677-68, 2905, 4307
109. Memorial of National Medical Society to the House and Senate of the United States, Jan. 20, 1870; Robert Reyburn to Sumner, Jan. 17, 1870, Sen. 41A-S.2 DC, RG 42, NARA
110. Petition of the National Executive of the Colored People, 41.2 (Apr. 29, 1870), Sen. Misc. Doc. 130, ser. 1408
111. Report of the Board of Trustees of Colored Schools, 41.3 (Jan. 19, 1871), Sen. Misc. Doc. 20, ser. 1440
112. Letter to New National Era, Aug. 7, 1873
113. CG, 41.3:1055-56
114. CG, 42.2:2539-40, App. 352-57
115. Allen G. Thurman in CG, 41.3:1057-58
116. William M. Maury, Alexander "Boss" Shepherd and the Board of Public Works (Washington, D.C., 1975)
117. Alan Lessoff, The Nation and Its City: Politics, "Corruption," and Progress in Washington, D.C., 1861-1902 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1994), 44-129
118. Mark W. Summers, The Era of Good Stealings (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993), 137-47
119. Congressional Record, CG, 43.2:121-22, 1105-7, 1165-66
120. Robert Harrison, "From Biracial Democracy to Direct Rule: The End of Self-Government in the Nation's Capital, 1865-1878," Journal of Policy History 18.2 (2006): 241-69
121. Eric Foner, "The Ideology of the Republican Party," in Engs and Miller, eds., Birth of the Grand Old Party, 8-28
122. Peyton McCrary, "The Party of Revolution: Republican Ideas about Politics and Social Change, 1862-1877," Civil War History 30 (1984): 330-50
123. Carl Abbott, Political Terrain: Washington, D.C. from Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1999), 69-73