Propaganda, perseverance, and protest: Strategies for clerical survival amid the German church struggle

Church History

Volumn 70, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 295-327

  Jantzen, Kyle ^a,b  

^a Department of Church History ^*

^b Canadian Theological Seminary   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60949456224     PISSN: 00096407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654455     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Kurt Meier, Die Deutschen Christen: Das Bild einer Bewegung im Kirchenkampf des Dritten Reiches (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1964)
2. James Zabel, Nazism and the Pastors: A Study of the Ideas of Three "Deutsche Christen" Groups, American Academy of Religion Dissertation Series, ed. H. Ganse Little, No. 14 (Missoula: Scholars, 1976)
3. Rainer Lächele, Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Glaube: Die "Deutsche Christen" in Württemberg 1925-1960, Quellen und Forschungen zur württembergischen Kirchengeschichte, ed. Martin Brecht and Hermann Ehmer, No. 12 (Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1994)
4. Christoph Weiling, Die "Christliche-deutsche Bewegung": Eine Studie zum konservativen Protestantismus in der Weimarer Republik, Arbeiten zur kirchlichen Zeitgeschichte, Series B, No. 28 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998)
5. Among the voluminous literature on the Confessing Church, its leading figures, and its foundation at the Barmen Synod, see Arthur Cochrane, The Church's Confession under Hitler (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1962)
6. Franklin Littell and Hubert Locke, eds., The German Church Struggle and the Holocaust (Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1974)
7. Hubert Locke, ed., The Church Confronts the Nazis: Barmen Then and Now, Toronto Studies in Theology 16 (Toronto: Edwin Mellon 1984)
8. Hubert Locke, ed., The Barmen Confession: Papers from the Seattle Assembly, Toronto Studies in Theology 26 (Queenston: Edwin Mellon, 1986)
9. Shelley Baranowski, The Confessing Church, Conservative Elites, and the Nazi State, Texts and Studies in Religion 28 (New York: Edwin Mellon, 1986)
10. Victoria Barnett, For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest against Hitler (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)
11. Hans Prolingheuer, "Der ungekämpfte Kirchenkampf 1933-1945-das politische Versagen der Bekennenden Kirche," Neue Stimme Sonderheft 6 (1983): 3-34
12. Ernst Christian Helmreich, "The Nature and Structure of the Confessing Church in Germany under Hitler," Journal of Church and State 12 (1970): 405-20
13. Donald Wall, "The Confessing Church and the Second World War," Journal of Church and State 23 (1981): 15-34
14. Eberhard Bethge and Victoria Barnett, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Biogaphy, rev. ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2000)
15. Barnett, For the Soul of the People
16. Bergen, Twisted Cross
17. John Conway, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933-1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1968)
18. Ernst Christian Helmreich, The German Churches under Hitler: Background, Struggle, and Epilogue (Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1979)
19. Klaus Scholder, The Churches and the Third Reich, 2 vols., trans. John Bowden (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988)
20. Württemberg Superior Church Council to the District Superintendent's Office, Ravensburg, 3 March 1934, Dekanatsarchiv Ravensburg 53b
21. Gerhard Schäfer, ed., Die evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg und der Nationalsozialismus, Vol. 2, Um eine deutsche Reichskirche (Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1972), 591-99
22. Schäfer, ed., Die evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg, 2: 511
23. Lächele, Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Glaube, 85-86
24. Aktennotiz, 1-5, Dekanatsarchiv Ravensburg Neue Akten/Friedrichshafen, Steger
25. Auszug aus der Chronik der Kirchenwirren von Dr. Joachim Ganger (Gotthard-Briefe), 1-3, Dekanatsarchiv Ravensburg Neue Akten/Friedrichshafen, Steger
26. Michael Jag, Karl Steger: ein Pfarrer in Friedrichshafen als Deulscher Christ, Prüfungsarbeit zur II. theologischen Dienstprüfung, 13-14, Stadtarchiv Friedrichshafen
27. Schäfer, ed., Die evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg, 4: 119-20
28. Evangelisches Gemeindeblatl Friedrichshafen, July 1935, Dekanatsarchiv Ravensburg 54d
29. On the place of Hauer and the German Faith Movement, please see Scholder, Churches and the Third Reich, 1: 451-53
30. Helmut Witetschek, Die kirchliche Lage in Bayern nach den Regierungspräsidentenberichten 1933-1943, Regierungsbezirk Oberbayern (Mainz: Matthias Grünewald, 1966), 1: 114-15
31. Evangelisches Gemeindeblatt Friedrichshafen, April 1933, 3, Stadtarchiv Friedrichshafen
32. Evangelisches Genieindeblatt Friedrichshafen, November 1933, 3, Stadtarchiv Friedrichshafen
33. Wilhelm Niesel, Kirche unter dem Wort: Der Knmpf der Beketmenden Kirche der altpreußischen Union 1933-1945 (Göttingen, 1978), 259
34. "Aufstellung über Massnahmen gegen BK-Brüder, Kirchenkreis Nauen," 11 September 1939, Domstiftarchiv Brandenburg NE 142/944
35. "Entwurf eines Beschlusses über den Anschluß an die Bekennende Kirche (BK)," 25 May 1937, Domstiftarchiv Brandenburg Ri 6/26
36. Martin Luther, "Smalcald Articles," 453-529
37. Philip Melanchthon, "The Confession of Faith," 37-95
38. Article 28 of the Augsburg Confession asserts that ecclesiastical authority comes solely through the preaching of Scripture and the administration of sacraments and that the civil power has no authority to interpret Christian truth from the Word of God. For Posth, this served as a basis for defying the Brandenburg Consistory, whose teaching he regarded as heretical and whose authority was therefore void
39. Superintendent Zweynert to all clergymen in the Pirna district, 5 November 1934, Ephoralarchiv Pirna 815
40. Saxon Land Church Office to Superintendent Zweynert, 31 January 1935, Ephoralarchiv Pirna 816
41. Saxon Confessing Church council to Superintendent Zweynert, 7 June 1935, Ephoralarchiv Pirna 816
42. Saxon Land Church Office, "Beschluß" [against Pastor Klemm], 30 July 1935, Ephoralarchiv Pirna 816
43. Land Church Office to Superintendent Zweynert 30 July 1935, Ephoralarchiv Pirna 816
44. Superintendent Zweynert to the Land Church Office, 3 September 1935, Ephoralarchiv Pirna 816
45. Saxon Land Church Committee to Superintendent Zweynert, 18 January 1936, Ephoralarchiv Pirna 816
46. Land Church Committee to Superintendent Zweynert, 23 and 24 April 1936, Ephoralarchiv Pirna 816
47. See, for instance, the work of Robert Gellately, The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)
48. and Sarah Gordon, Hitler, Germans and the "Jewish Question" (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984)