Late Bronze/Early Iron Age fortresses of the Ararat and Shirak plains, Armenia: Typological gonsiderations

Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia

Volumn 5, Issue 3-4, 1999, Pages 73-97

  Smith, Adam T ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 60949307349     PISSN: 0929077X     EISSN: 15700577     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157005799X00133     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Some of the data discussed here were collected under the auspices of a grant from the National Science Foundation (USA)
2. G.A. Melikishvili, Urartskie Klinoobraznye Nadpisi, Moscow, 1960, #137, see also #138
3. For example, T. Toramanian, Nyuter Haykakan Chartarapetutyan Patmutyan, Yerevan, 1942
4. A.T. Smith, Imperial Archipelago: The Making of the Urartian Landscape in Southern Transcaucasia, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, 1996
5. R. Biscione, Missione Archeologica Italo-Armena nel Territorio de Lago Sevan Campagna 1994, Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 34 (1994), 146-149
6. S.A. Esaian, Drevnyaya Kul'tura Plemen Severo-Vostochnoi Armenii, Yerevan, 1976
7. M.A. Huseinova, Keramika Vostochnogo Zakavkazya Epokhi Pozdnei Bronzi i Rannego Zheleza, Baku, 1989
8. O. Lordkipanidze, Nasledie Drevnei Gruzii, Tbilisi, 1989
9. G.A. Mikayelyan, Kiklopicheskie Kreposti Sevanskogo Bassena, Yerevan, 1968
10. K.N. Pitskhelauri, Jungbronzezeitliche bis Altereisen Zeiltiche Heiligtumer in Ost-Georgien, Munich, 1984
11. A.A. Adzhan, L.T. Gyuzalian and B.B. Piotrovskii, Tsiklopichesckii Kreposti Zakavkaz'ya, SGAIMK 1/2 (1932), 61-64
12. G. Areshian, K. Kafadarian, A. Simonian, G. Tiratsian and A. Kalantarian, "Arkheologicheskie Issledovaniya v Ashtarakskom i Nairiskom Raionakh Armyanskoi SSR," VON 4 (1977), 77-93
13. A. Kalantar, Armenia: From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages, Paris, 1994
14. B.B. Piotrovskii and L.T. Gyuzalian, "Kreposti Armenii Dourartskogo i Urartskogo Vremeni," Pamyatniki Istorii Materialnoi Kulturi 5/6 (1933), 57-60; A.T. Smith, op. cit., 1996
15. A.T. Smith and K. Kafadarian, "New Plans of Early Iron Age and Urartian Fortresses in Armenia: A Preliminary Report of the Ancient Landscapes Project," Iran 34 (1996), 23-37
16. The Shirak plain produces primarily wheat and barley, while the limited subtropical conditions of parts of the Ararat plain allow for the cultivation of a diverse array of products including figs, pomegranates, cotton, apricots, and olives with the help of irrigation (G.E. Curtis and R.G. Suny, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Country Studies, Washington D.C., 1995, 45.)
17. P.L. Kohl, "The Transcaucasian Periphery in the Bronze Age," in: P.A. Urban and E.M. Schortman, eds, Resource Power and Regional Interaction, London, 1993, pp. 117-137
18. K. Kushnareva and V.I. Markovin, eds, Epokha Bronzy Kavkaza i Srednei Azii: Rannyaya i Srednyaya Bronza Kavkaza, Moscow, 1994
19. S.G. Devedzhian, Lori-Berd I, Yerevan, 1981
20. T.S. Khachatrian, Artikskii Nekropol, Yerevan, 1979
21. A.O. Mnatsakanian, Principal Stages in the Development of the Material Culture of Lchashen [in Armenian], Yerevan, 1965
22. A. Kalantar, op. cit., 1994; K. Kushnareva, Yuzhnyi Kavkaz v IX-II tis. do n. e.: Etapy Kulturnogo i Sotsialno-Ekonomicheskogo Razvitiia, Saint Petersburg, 1993
23. In addition to general chronologies for southern Transcaucasia (e.g., C. Burney and D.M. Lang, The People of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus, New York, 1972
24. A.A. Martirosian, Armenia v Epokhu Bronzi i Rannego Zheleza, Yerevan, 1964
25. N.N. Pogrebova, Iran i Zakavkaz'e v Rannem Zheleznom Veka, Moscow, 1977)
26. In addition, number of analyses address temporal change in a single material type (such as S.A. Esaian, [Oruzhie i Voennoe Delo Drevnei Armenii, Yerevan, 1966] on weapons
27. and S. Piggot ["The Earliest Wheeled Vehicles and the Caucasian Evidence," Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 34 (1968), 266-318] on wheeled vehicles) or in a single site inventory
28. (such as S.A. Esaian and G.A. Oganesian, Katalog Arkheologicheskikh Predmetov Dilizhansckogo Muzeya, Yerevan, 1969)
29. P. Avetisian, R. Badaljan, S. Hmayakian and A. Piliposian, Regarding the Problem of Periodization and Chronology of Bronze and Iron Age Armenia [in Armenian], in: A. Kalantarian, ed., 10th Scientific Session devoted to the Results of Archaeological Investigations in the Republic of Armenia (1993-1995), Yerevan, 1996, pp. 8-10
30. Excavations at Horom suggest that the material culture styles of the Lchashen-Metsamor culture persisted during the Urartian occupation (R. Badaljan, P. Kohl, D. Stronach and A. Tonikian, "Preliminary Report on the 1993 Excavations at Horom," Armenia, Iran 32 (1994), 1-29
31. R. Badaljan, C. Edens, R. Gorny, P.L. Kohl, D. Stronach, A.V. Tonikian, S.Hamayakjan, S. Mandrikjan and M. Zardarjan, "Preliminary Report on the 1992 Excavations at Horom," Armenia, Iran (1993), 1-24)
32. Cf. definitions offered in T.A. Sinclair, Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey, London, 1987
33. K. Kafadarian, Arkitektura Goroda Argishtihinili, Yerevan, 1984, Fig. 18
34. K. Kafadarian, History of Armenian Architecture, Yerevan, 1996 (in Armenian)
35. A.T. Smith, "The Making of an Urartian Landscape in the Ararat Plain: A Study of Political Architectonics," American Journal of Archeology (1999), forthcoming