A comparison of charcoal and stable carbon isotope results for the Caledon River Valley, Southern Africa, for the period 13 500-5000 YR BP

South African Archaeological Bulletin

Volumn 58, Issue 177, 2003, Pages 1-5

  Esterhuysen, A B ^a   Smith, J M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Charcoal analysis; Climate change; Holocene; Southern Africa; Stable carbon isotopes; Terminal Pleistocene

Indexed keywords

EID: 60949254935     PISSN: 00381969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3889151     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Acocks, J.P.H. 1988. Veld types of South Africa. Pretoria: Botanical Research Institute
2. Ambrose, S.H. & Norr, L. 1993. Experimental evidence for the of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbonate relationship of the carbon isotope ratios of whole diet and dietary protein to those of bone collagen and carbonate. In: Lambert, J.B. & Grupe, G. (eds) Prehistoric human bone: archaeology at the molecular level: 1-37. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
3. Ariztegui, D., Asioli, A., Lowe, J.J., Trincardi, F., Vigliotti, L. Chondrogianni C., Accorsi C.A., Mazzanti M., Mercuri A.M., Kaars Der S.Van, McKenzie J.A., Oldfield F. Quaternary lacustrine and marine sequences in the central Mediterranean region. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatolology Tamburini, F., Chondrogianni, C., Accorsi, C.A., Mazzanti, M., Mercuri, A.M., Van der Kaars, S., McKenzie, J.A. & Oldfield, F. 2000. Palaeoclimate and the formation of sapropel S1: inferences from late Quaternary lacustrine and marine sequences in the central Mediterranean region. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatolology, Palaeoecology 158: 215-240
4. Barber, D.C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings, A.E., Andrew M.W., Bilodeau G., McNeely R., Southons J., Morehead M.D., Gagon J.-M. Laurentide lakes J.T., Kerwin, M.W., Bilodeau, G., McNeely, R., Southons, J., Morehead, M.D. & Gagon, J-M. 1999. Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature 400: 344-348
5. Bender, M.1968. Mass spectrometric studies of carbon-13 in corn and other grasses. American Journal of Science Radiocarbon Supplement 10: 468-472
6. Bianchi, G.G. & McCave, I.N. 1999. Holocene periodicity in North of Iceland Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland. Nature 397: 515-517
7. Botha, G.A., Scott, J.C., Vogel, J.C. & Von Brunn, V. 1992 in northern Natal Palaeosols and palaeoenvironments during the Late Pleistocene Hypothermal in northern Natal. South African Journal of Science. 88: 508-512
8. 4 allied shrublands in the South Eastern Cape, South Africa grasses in fynbos and allied shrublands in the South Eastern Cape, South Africa. Oecologia 58: 121-127
9. Engela, R. 1995. Space, material culture and meaning in the Late Holocene at Rose Cottage Cave Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Rose Cottage Cave. Unpublished M.A. thesis: University of the Witwatersrand
10. Esterhuysen, A.B. 1992. Charcoal from Leliehoek Shelter, Orange Free State, South Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa 23:193-201
11. Esterhuysen, A.B. 1996. Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction from analysis of charcoal from sites in the eastern Free State and Lesotho Pleistocene to present: an analysis of charcoal from sites in the eastern Free State and Lesotho. Unpublished M.A. thesis: University of the Witwatersrand
12. Esterhuysen, A.B. & Mitchell, P.J. 1996. Palaeoenvironmental and assemblages from Holocene sites in western Lesotho, southern Africa archaeological implications of charcoal assemblages from Holocene sites in western Lesotho, southern Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa 24: 203-232
13. Esterhuysen, A.B., Mitchell, P.J. & Thackeray, J.F. 1999. Climatic River southern Africa: Results of a factor analysis of charcoal assemblages change across the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in the Caledon River southern Africa: results of a factor analysis of charcoal assemblages. Southern African Field Archaeology 8: 28-34
14. Hatch, M., Slack, C. & Johnson, H. 1967. Further studies on a new fixation in sugarcane and its occurrence in other species pathway of photosynthesis carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane and its occurrence in other species. Biochemistry Journal 102: 417-422
15. Jalut, G., Amat, A., Bonnet, L., Gauquelin, T. & Fontugne, M. 2000 France to south-east Spain Holocene climatic changes in the western Mediterranean, from south-east France to south-east Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 160: 255-290
16. Killick, D.J.D. 1978. The Afro-alpine regions. In: Werger, M.J.A. (ed.) Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa: 517-560. Hague: Junk
17. th Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies: 327-333. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications
18. Lee-Thorp, J.A. 1989. Stable carbon isotopes in deep time. The diet of fossil fauna and hominids. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis: University of Cape Town
19. Lee-Thorp, J.A., Sealy, J.C. & Van der Merwe, N.J. 1989. Stable apatite, and their relationship to diet carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet. Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 585-599
20. Lee-Thorp, J.A. & Van der Merwe, N.J. 1991. Aspects of the chemistry of modern and fossil biological apatites. Journal of Archaeological Science 18: 343-354
21. Mitchell, P.J. 1990. Preliminary report on the Later Stone Age sequence shelter from Tloutle rock shelter, western Lesotho. South African Archaeological Bulletin 45: 100-105
22. Mitchell, P.J. 1993. Archaeological investigations at two Lesotho Pleistocene/early Holocene assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana rock-shelters: terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene assemblages from Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tsoana. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 59: 39-60
23. Mitchell, P. 1994. The archaeology of the Phuthiatsana-ea-Thaba Basin Africa: Changes in Later Stone Age regional demography Lesotho, southern Africa: changes in Later Stone Age regional demography. Antiquity 68: 83-96
24. Partridge, T.C. 1997. Cainozoic environmental change in southern Africa on the last 200 000 years with special emphasis on the last 200 000 years. Progress in Physical Geography 21: 3-22
25. Pearson, G.W. & Stuiver, M. 1993. High-precision bidecadal 500-2500 BC calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, 500-2500 BC. Radiocarbon 35: 25-33
26. Rutherford, M.C. & Westfall, R.H. 1994. Biomes of southern Africa: an objective categorization. Pretoria: National Botanical Institute
27. Scott, L. 1986. Pollen analysis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of sediment exposures in the eastern Orange Free State, South Africa late Quaternary sediment exposures in the eastern Orange Free State, South Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa 17: 113-122
28. Scott, L. 1989. Climatic conditions in southern Africa since the last inferred from pollen analysis Glacial Maximum, inferred from pollen analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 70: 345-353
29. Scott, L. & Thackeray, J.F. 1987. Multivariate analysis of late from Wonderkrater, Transvaal, South Africa Pleistocene and Holocene pollen spectra from Wonderkrater, Transvaal, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 83: 93-98
30. 12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiology 47: 380-384
31. Smith, J. 1997. Stable isotope analysis of fauna and soil from sites in State and western Lesotho, southern Africa: A palaeoenvironmental interpretation the eastern Free State and western Lesotho, southern Africa: a palaeoenvironmental interpretation. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis: University of Cape Town
32. Smith, J.M., Lee-Thorp, J.A. & Sealy, J.C. 2002. Stable carbon and Holocene climatic fluctuations in the interior of southern Africa oxygen isotopic evidence for late Pleistocene to middle Holocene climatic fluctuations in the interior of southern Africa. Journal of Quaternary Science 17: 683-695
33. Stager, J.C. & Mayewski, P.A. 1997. Abrupt early to mid-Holocene Equator and the Poles climatic transition registered at the Equator and the Poles. Science 276: 1834-1836
34. Stuiver, M. & Pearson, G.W. 1993. High-precision bidecadal 1950-500 BC and 2500-6000 BC calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, AD 1950-500 BC and 2500-6000 BC Radiocarbon 35: 1-23
35. Tainton, N.M. 1984. The ecology of the main grazing lands of South Africa. In: Tainton, N.M. (ed.) Veld and pasture management in South Africa: 25-56. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter
36. Thackeray, J.F. 1990. Temperature indices from late Quaternary sequences Comparison with the Vostok core in South Africa: comparison with the Vostok core. South African Geographical Journal 72: 47-49
37. Thackeray, J.F. 1993. Palaeoenvironmental indices for late Quaternary and Tibet: A comparison sequences in South Africa and Tibet: a comparison. South African Journal of Science 89: 170-171
38. Thackeray, F. 1994. Comment on temperature indices from a late Quaternary sequence at Wonderkrater, South Africa terrestrial sequence at Wonderkrater, South Africa. Quaternary Research 42: 354-355
39. Vogel, J.C. 1978. Isotopic assessment of dietary habits of ungulates South African Journal of Science 74: 298-301
40. Vogel, J.C. 1983. Isotopic evidence for past climates and vegetation of South Africa. Bothalia 14: 391-394
41. Vogel, J.C., Fuls, A. & Ellis, R.P. 1978. The geographical distribution of Kranz species in southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 11: 247-253
42. Vogel, J.C., Fuls, A., Visser, E. & Bernard B. 1993. Pretoria calibration curve for short-lived samples, 1930-3350 BC. Radiocarbon 35: 73-85
43. Von Grafenstein, U., Erlenkeuser, H., Brauer, A., Jouzel, J. & BP Johnsen, S. 1999. A mid-European decadal isotope-climate record from 15,500 to 5000 years BP. Science 284: 1654-1657
44. Wadley, L. 1992. Rose Cottage Cave: the Later Stone Age levels with artefacts European and Iron Age artefacts. South African Archaeological Bulletin 47: 8-12
45. Wadley, L. 1995. Review of dated Stone Age sites recently excavated in State, South Africa the eastern Free State, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 91: 574-579
46. Wadley, L. 1997. Rose Cottage Cave: archaeological work 1987 to 1997 South African Journal of Science 93: 439-444
47. Zhang, H.C., Ma, Y.Z., Wünnemann, B. Pachur, H.-J. 2000. A Holocene climatic record from arid northwestern China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 162: 389-401