Educating criminal and destitute children: Reformatory and industrial schools in Wales, 1858-1914

Welsh History Review

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 292-327

  Grigg, Russell ^a  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60949147075     PISSN: 00432431     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.16922/whr.21.2.4     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Report of the Departmental Committee on the Treatment of Young Offenders, PP 1927, MC 965.
2. Felon's Register at Carmarthen Gaol, 8 January 1849, entry 227.
3. B. Weinberger, 'The children of the perishing and dangerous classes: industrial and reformatory schools and the elementary education system', History of Education Conference Paper (December 1980), p. 66.
4. Report of the Select Committee on the Treatment of Criminal and Destitute Children, PP 1852-3, XXIII, MC 3.
5. V. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship: Reclaiming the Young Offender, 1914-1948 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 47-57;
6. J. Stack, 'Interests and ideas in nineteenth-century social policy: the mid-Victorian reformatory school'. Journal of Educational Administration and History, Vol. 14, Pt. 1 (January 1982);
7. M. Cale, 'Working for God? Staffing the Victorian reformatory and industrial school system', History of Education, Vol.21, No.2 (1992), 113-27.
8. A. G. Ralston, 'The development of reformatory and industrial schools in Scotland, 1832-1872', Scottish Economic and Social History, 8 (1988), 40-55.
9. J. Barnes, Irish Industrial Schools (Dublin, 1989).
10. D. J. V. Jones, Crime in Nineteenth-Century Wales (Cardiff, 1992), pp. 180, 236-7.
11. J. Wilson, 'Little Mill reformatory', in Gwent Local History, No. 84 (Spring 1998), 50-7.
12. E. W. Roberts, 'Establishing the "Clio"', in Maritime Wales, 8 (1984), 5-28.
13. J. Hurt, 'Reformatory and industrial schools before 1933', History of Education, Vol. 13, No.1 (1984), 45-58.
14. L. Radzinowicz and R. Hood, The Emergence of Penal Policy (Oxford, 1990), pp. 201-2.
15. P. Horn, The Victorian Town Child (Stroud, 1997), p. 206.
16. D. J. V. Jones, Crime in Nineteenth-Century Wales, p. 237.
17. Minutes of the CCE 1856-7;
18. J. C. Symons's, Special Report on Reformatories, p. 227.
19. S. Humphries, Hooligans or Rebels? (Oxford, 1981), p. 214.
20. The Cambrian, 9 April 1875.
21. A. Morton, Education and the State from 1833 (London, 1997);
22. L. W. Evans, Education in Industrial Wales, 1700-1900 (Cardiff, 1971).
23. Jo Manton, Mary Carpenter and the Children of the Streets (London, 1976);
24. R. J. W. Selleck, 'Mary Carpenter: a confident and contradictory reformer', History of Education, Vol.14, No.2 (June 1985), 111-15;
25. also R. Watts, 'Mary Carpenter: educator of the children of the perishing and dangerous classes', in M. Hilton and P. Hirsch (eds.), Practical Visionaries. Women, Education and Social Progress, 1790-1930 (London, 2000), pp. 39-51.
26. J. A. Stack, 'Reformatory and industrial schools and the decline of child imprisonment in mid-Victorian England and Wales', History of Education, Vol. 23, No.1 (1994), 59-73.
27. J. A. Stack, 'The provision of reformatory schools, the landed class, and the myth of the superiority of rural life in mid-Victorian England', History of Education, Vol.8, No.1 (1979), 33-43.
28. Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian, 21 April 1860.
29. B. Ll. James (ed.), G. T. Clark. Scholar Ironmaster in the Victorian Age (Cardiff, 1998).
30. D. B. Hughes, "The education of pauper children in Monmouthshire 1834-1929' (unpublished MA thesis, University of Wales, 1967).
31. J. H. Thomas and W. E. Wilkins, The Bridgend-Cowbridge Union Workhouse and Guardians (Cowbridge, 1995).
32. Report on the State of Popular Education in England (London, 1861), III, 414.
33. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1861, XXX, MC 37.
34. P. J. Rooke, 'Education in the treatment of young offenders in the nineteenth century in England and Wales' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Bulmershe College, 1994), p. 154.
35. 41st Annual Report of the Cardiff Industrial School, 1895, p. 6.
36. Letter from Mary Carpenter in Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian, 21 April 1860.
37. E. W. Roberts, 'Establishing the "Clio"', 16.
38. Swansea School Board Minute Book, 13 November 1882, p. 388.
39. H. Cunningham, Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500 (London, 1995), p. 158.
40. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1888, LIX, 408.
41. Admission Register of the South Wales & Monmouthshire Truant Industrial School, 1894-1909 (GRO E/TRU/18).
42. Cardiff and Barry Truant School Minute Book, 1898-1901, pp. 64-7 (GRO B/C EC/2/5/1).
43. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1900, XLV, 31.
44. Minute Book of the Swansea School Board, 29 April 1881, p. 322.
45. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1871, LVI, MC 149.
46. F. M. Norman, History of HAIS Havannah School Ship (Cardiff, 1904), p. 50 (Cardiff Central Library W948-2).
47. Report of the Royal Commission on Land in Wales and Monmomhshire, PP 1896, XXXIV, pp. 601-2.
48. Report of the Royal Commission on Land in Wales and Monmouthshire, PP 1896, XXXIV, 602.
49. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1916, XV, 15.
50. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1914-16, XXXIV, MC 335.
51. CCE Minute for 1850, pp. xxiii-xxiv.
52. C. H. Wyatt, Wyatt's Companion to the Education Acts, 1870-1902 (London, 1903), p. 133.
53. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1869, XXX, 39.
54. Minute Book of the Cardiff and Barry Truant Industrial School, 19 July 1899, p. 28.
55. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1861, XXX, MC 38.
56. Minute Book of the Glamorganshire Reformatory School, 8 April, 9 December 1908, 13 January 1909 and 9 December 1912.
57. L. Mahood, Policing Gender, Class and Family. Britain, 1850-1940 (London, 1995), p. 112.
58. Minutes of the CCE, 1856-7;
59. J. C. Symons's Report on Reformatories, p. 223.
60. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1857-8, XXIX, MC 819.
61. Visitors' Book of Little Mill Reformatory, 1859-1920, 15 August-12 October 1865 (GRO QMR0007).
62. J. Hurt, 'Reformatory and industrial schools before 1933', p. 52.
63. Minute Book of the Swansea District School Board, 6 November 1889, p. 25 (WGRO E/SB 71/3/4).
64. The Cambrian, 21 June 1867.
65. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1878, XLII, MC 257.
66. P. J. Rooke, 'Education in the treatment of young offenders', p. 171.
67. Report of the Managing Committee of the Glamorganshire Reformatory School, 1894 (Neath, 1895).
68. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1884, entry 5566, MC 301.
69. The Times, 27 March 1891.
70. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1881, LIII, 119.
71. Visitor's Book of the Glamorganshire Reformatory, 16 May 1896 (WGRO GCC/E/GB 2/1).
72. Rules and Regulations of the Havannah Certified Industrial School, 1862 (Cardiff Central Library L391-393).
73. Minute Book of the Glamorganshire Farm School, 11 September 1907, 8 July 1908 (WGRO GCC/E/GFS 1/1).
74. Minute Book of the Swansea District School Board, 22 May 1882, pp. 270, 290-2.
75. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1899, XLIV, 473.
76. CCE Report for 1855, p. 586.
77. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1870, XXXVI, MC 581.
78. D. B. Hughes, 'The education of pauper children in Monmouthshire 1834-1929', p. 53.
79. S. Humphries, Hooligans or Rebels, p. 215.
80. Register of Boys at Little Mill Reformatory, case 25.
81. L. J. Williams, Digest of Welsh Historical Statistics (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 53-4.
82. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1889, XLII, 166.
83. Llanelli Mercury, 28 March, 12 September 1901
84. P. Horn, Children's Work and Welfare, 1780-1890 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 67.
85. Our Waifs and Strays, August 1894, pp. 316-17.
86. L. A. Jackson, Child Sexual Abuse in Victorian England (London, 2000).
87. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1908, LIII, 31.
88. Kingsbridge Camp Papers (Llangefni Record Office WDAB/8).
89. Report of the Departmental Committee on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1896, XLV, 216.
90. K. Chesney, The Victorian Underworld (Harmondsworth, 1970), p. 167.
91. V. A. C. Gatrell et al. (eds), Crime and the Law (London, 1980), p. 306.
92. Register of Little Mill Reformatory, case 26 (Gwent Record Office, QMR0009).
93. Report on Reformatory and Industrial Schools, PP 1913, XXXIX, MC 892.
94. Report of the Departmental Committee on the Treatment of Young Offenders, PP 1927, XII, 70.
95. V. Bailey, Delinquency and Citizenship, pp. 95-103;
96. P. Horn, The Victorian Town Child, p. 191.
97. J. Wilson, 'Little Mill reformatory', p. 55.
98. L. Radzinowicz and R. Hood, The Emergence of Penal Policy, p. 226.
99. Register of Boys at Little Mill, January 1867, case 17.