A novel approach to studies of prehistoric exploitation of stone tool materials using material composition, surface morphology, microstructure and mechanical properties

Archaeometry

Volumn 50, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 727-746

  Yonekura, Kaoru ^a,c,d   Hasegawa, Hiroyuki ^b   Hotta, Atsushi ^a   Suzuki, Tetsuya ^a  

^a KEIO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c TOKYO METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cognition; Flexural strength test; Material selection; Mechanical properties; Microstructure; Mineral composition; Palaeolithic raw material; Scanning electron microscopy; Transmission electron microscopy; Vickers hardness test; X ray diffraction

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; ARTIFACT; EXPLOITATION; MECHANICAL PROPERTY; MICROSTRUCTURE; MINERAL; PALEOLITHIC; PREHISTORIC; TOOL USE; X-RAY DIFFRACTION;

EID: 60949087663     PISSN: 0003813X     EISSN: 14754754     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00374.x     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Andrefsky, W. Jr., 1994a, Raw-material availability and the organization of technology, American Antiquity, 59, 21-34.
2. Andrefsky, W. Jr., 1994b, The geological occurrence of lithic material and stone tool production strategies, Geoarchaeology, 9, 375-91.
3. Bieniawski, Z. T., 1968a, The compressive strength of hard rocks, Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskappe, 8, 163-82.
4. Bieniawski, Z. T., 1968b, The effect of specimen size on compressive strength of coal, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 5, 325-35.
5. Bilby, B. A., 1980, Tewksbury lecture: Putting fracture to work, Journal of Materials Science, 15, 535-56.
6. Brace, W. F., 1961, Dependence of fracture strength of rocks on grain size, Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Rock Mechanics, University Park, Penn., 99-103.
7. Bradley, R., Meredith, P., Smith, J., and Edmonds, M., 1992, Rock physics and the Neolithic axe trade in Great Britain, Archaeometry, 34, 223-33.
8. Callahan, E., 1979, The basics of bifacial knapping in the eastern fluted point tradition: A manual for flintknappers and lithic analysts, Archaeology of Eastern North America, 7, 1-180.
9. Clark, J. D., 1980, Raw material and African lithic technology, Man and Environment, 4, 44-55.
10. Cotterell, B., and Kamminga, J., 1986, Finials on stone flakes, Journal of Archaeological Science, 13, 451-61.
11. Cotterell, B., and Kamminga, J., 1987, The formation of flakes, American Antiquity, 52, 675-708.
12. Cotterell, B., Kamminga, J., and Dickson, P., 1985, The essential mechanics of conchoidal flaking, International Journal of Fracture, 29, 205-21.
13. Crabtree, D. E., 1967, Notes on experiments in flintknapping: 3 The flintknapper's raw materials, Tebiwa, 10, 8-24.
14. Crabtree, D. E., and Butler, B. R., 1964, Notes on experiment in flint knapping: 1 Heat treatment of silica materials, Tebiwa, 7, 1-6.
15. Domanski, M., and Webb, J. A., 1992, Effect of heat-treatment on siliceous rocks used in prehistoric lithic technology, Journal of Archaeological Science, 19, 601-14.
16. Domanski, M., and Webb, J. A., 2000, Flaking properties, petrology and use of Polish flint, Antiquity, 74, 822-32.
17. Domanski, M., Webb, J. A., and Boland, J., 1994, Mechanical properties of stone artefact materials and the effect of heat treatment, Archaeometry, 36, 177-208.
18. Dube, A. K., and Singh, B., 1972, Effect of humidity on tensile strength of sandstone, Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, 20, 8-11.
19. Dunn, D. E., LaFountain, L. J., and Jackson, R. E., 1973, Porosity dependence and mechanism of brittle fracture in sandstones, Journal of Geophysical Research, 78, 2403-17.
20. Eberhardt, E., Stimpson, B., and Stead, D., 1999, Effects of grain size on the initiation and propagation thresholds of stress-induced brittle fractures, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 32, 81-99.
21. Evans, I., and Pomeroy, C. D., 1966, The strength, fracture and workability of coal, Pergamon Press, London.
22. Fonseca, J. G., Eshelby, J. D., and Atkinson, C., 1971, The fracture mechanics of flint-knapping and allied processes, International Journal of Fracture Mechanics, 7, 421-33.
23. Fredrich, J. T., Evans, B., and Wong, T.-F., 1990, Effect of grain size on brittle and semibrittle strength: Implications for micromechanical modelling of failure in compression, Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 10907-20.
24. Goodman, M. E., 1944, The physical properties of stone tool materials, American Antiquity, 9, 415-33.
25. Goodyear, A. C., 1989, A hypothesis for the use of cryptocrystalline raw materials among Paleoindian groups of North America, in Eastern Paleoindian lithic resource use (eds. C. J. Ellis, and J. C. Lothrop), 1-9, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
26. Gramly, R. M., 1980, Raw materials source areas and 'curated' tool assemblages, American Antiquity 45, 823-33.
27. Handin, J., and Hager, R. V. Jr., 1957, Experimental deformation of sedimentary rocks under confining pressure: Tests at room temperature on dry samples, Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 41, 1-50.
28. Hartley, A., 1974, A review of the geological factors influencing the mechanical properties of road surface aggregates, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 7, 69-100.
29. Hatzor, Y. H., and Palchik, V., 1997, The influence of grain size and porosity on crack initiation stress and critical flaw length in dolomites, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 34, 805-16.
30. Hugman, R. H. H., and Friedman, M., 1979, Effects of texture and composition on mechanical behavior of experimentally deformed carbonate rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 63, 1478-89.
31. Jones, P. R., 1979, Effects of raw materials on biface manufacture, Science, 204, 835-36.
32. Lundborg, N., 1967, The strength-size relation of granite, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 4, 269-72.
33. Mantler, M., and Schreiner, M., 2001, X-ray analysis of objects of art and archaeology, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 247, 635-44.
34. Martin, J. W., Fredrich, J. T., Felice, C. W., and Green, S. J., 1993, Mechanical properties and microstructure of shock-conditioned tuff, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 30, 669-75.
35. Merriam, R., Rieke, H. H. III., and Kim, Y. C., 1970, Tensile strength related to mineralogy and texture of some granitic rocks, Engineering Geology, 4, 155-60.
36. Mogi, K., 1962, The influence of the dimensions of specimens on the fracture strength of rock. Bulletin of Earthquake Research Institute, 40, 175-85.
37. Moloney, N., 1988, Experimental biface manufacture using non-flint lithic materials, in Non-flint stone tools and the Paleolithic occupation of Britain, BAR British Series (eds. R. J. McRae, and N. Moloney), 189, 49-65.
38. Morrow, C. A., and Jefferies, R. W., 1989, Trade or embedded procurement?: A test case from southern Illinois, in Time, energy and stone tools (ed. R. Torrence), 27-33, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
39. Olsson, W. A., 1974, Grain size dependence of yield stress in marble, Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 4859-62.
40. Paterson, M. S., 1958, Experimental deformation and faulting in Wombeyan marble, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 69, 465-76.
41. Price, N. J., 1960, The compressive strength of coal measure rocks, Colliery Engineering, 37, 283-92.
42. Price, N. J., 1963, The influence of geological factors on the strength of coal measure rocks, Monthly Journal of Geology, 100, 428-43.
43. Rinehart, J. S., 1966, Fracture of rocks, International Journal of Fracture Mechanics, 2, 534-51.
44. Schreiner, M., Fruhmann, B., Jembrih-Simburger, D., and Linke, R., 2004, X-rays in art and archaeology: An overview, Powder Diffraction, 19, 3-11.
45. Siever, R., 1978, Shale, in McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of the geological sciences (ed. D. N. Lapedes), 755-6, McGraw-Hill, New York.
46. Skinner, W. J., 1959, Experiments on the compressive strength of anhydrite, The Engineer, 207, 255-9; 288-92.
47. Sollberger, J. B., 1986, Lithic fracture analysis: A better way, Lithic Technology, 15, 101-5.
48. Speth, J. D., 1972, Mechanical basis of percussion flaking, American Antiquity, 37, 34-60.
49. Speth, J. D., 1974, Experimental investigations of hard-hammer percussion flaking, Tebiwa, 17, 7-36.
50. Stout, D., Quade, J., Semaw, S., Rogers, M. J., and Levin, N. E., 2005, Raw material selectivity of the earliest stone toolmakers at Gona, Afar, Ethiopia, Journal of Human Evolution, 48, 365-80.
51. Taguchi, K., Shimoda, S., Itihara, Y., Imoto, N., Ishiwatari, R., Shimoyama, A., Akiyama., M., and Suzuki, N., 1986, Relationship of organic and inorganic diagenesis of Neogene tertiary rocks, Northeastern Japan, in Roles of organic matter in sediment diagenesis: Based on a symposium sponsored by the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special publication 38 (ed. D. L. Gautier), 47-64, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.
52. Vutukuri, V. S., Lama, R. D., and Saluja, S. S., 1974, Handbook on mechanical properties of rocks: Testing techniques and results-1, Trans Tech Publications, Clausthal, Germany.
53. Willard, R. J., and McWilliams, J. R., 1969, Microstructural techniques in the study of physical properties of rock, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 6, 1-12.
54. Wong, R. H. C., Chau, K. T., and Wang, P., 1996, Microcracking and grain size effect in Yuen Long marbles, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstracts, 33, 479-85.
55. Yaalon, D. H., 1962, Mineral composition of the average shale, Clay Minerals Bulletin, 5, 31-6.
56. Yonekura, K., and Abe, Y., 2002, Ueno-A Site 1986-1998, Occasional Papers, vol. 13, The Department of Archaeology and Ethnology, Faculty of Letters, Keio University (in Japanese with English abstract).
57. Yonekura, K., Hasegawa, H., and Suzuki, T., 2006b, Mineral compositions, microstructures, and mechanical properties of primary materials from the Paleolithic age, Material Characterization, 56, 165-8.
58. Yonekura, K., Hashimoto, A., Hasegawa, H., and Suzuki, T., 2006a, Compositions and microstructures of the primary ceramic materials in the Paleolithic age through XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 89, 316-9.