메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 148, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 68-79

Saw dust and neem bark as low-cost natural biosorbent for adsorptive removal of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions

Author keywords

Adsorption; Adsorption capacities; Cadmium(II); Functional groups; Isotherm; Kinetics; Low cost; Metal binding process; Neem bark; Saw dust; Zinc(II)

Indexed keywords

ADSORBENTS; BINDING ENERGY; CADMIUM; CADMIUM COMPOUNDS; COSTS; DUST; DYES; EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS; FUNCTIONAL GROUPS; ISOTHERMS; MASS TRANSFER; METAL IONS; METAL RECOVERY; METALS; SOLUTIONS; ZINC; ZINC COMPOUNDS;

EID: 60949084555     PISSN: 13858947     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2008.08.002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (250)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 0037202121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption isotherms for describing heavy metal retention in paper mill sludges
    • Calace N., Di A., Muro E., Nardi M.B., Petronio M., and Pietroletti. Adsorption isotherms for describing heavy metal retention in paper mill sludges. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 5491-5497
    • (2002) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , vol.41 , pp. 5491-5497
    • Calace, N.1    Di, A.2    Muro, E.3    Nardi, M.B.4    Petronio, M.5    Pietroletti6
  • 2
    • 29144484572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental study of the removal of copper from aqueous solutions by adsorption using sawdust
    • Larous S., Meniai A.H., and Lehocine M.B. Experimental study of the removal of copper from aqueous solutions by adsorption using sawdust. Desalination 185 (2005) 483-490
    • (2005) Desalination , vol.185 , pp. 483-490
    • Larous, S.1    Meniai, A.H.2    Lehocine, M.B.3
  • 3
    • 33748487085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of heavy metals from wastewaters by adsorption onto wood sawdust
    • Marina B.S., and Mile T.K. Removal of heavy metals from wastewaters by adsorption onto wood sawdust. Cent. Europ. J. Occup. Env. Med. 9 4 (2003) 337-343
    • (2003) Cent. Europ. J. Occup. Env. Med. , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 337-343
    • Marina, B.S.1    Mile, T.K.2
  • 4
    • 34548027527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by adsorption on granular red mud (GRM)
    • Zhu C., Luan Z., Wang Y., and Shan X. Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by adsorption on granular red mud (GRM). Sep. Purif. Technol. 57 (2007) 161-169
    • (2007) Sep. Purif. Technol. , vol.57 , pp. 161-169
    • Zhu, C.1    Luan, Z.2    Wang, Y.3    Shan, X.4
  • 5
    • 60949101374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=preambles&p_id=819 dated 8.9.07.
  • 7
    • 60949111384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CPCB, 1995.General guidelines for discharge of effluents. (Inland surface water).
    • CPCB, 1995.General guidelines for discharge of effluents. (Inland surface water).
  • 8
    • 60949111221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/index.html dated 8.9.2007.
  • 9
    • 60949110551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IS 10500 1992 Drinking water specification (Reaffirmed 1993), available - http://www.hppcb.nic.in/EIAsorang/Spec.pdf date 8.9.2007.
    • IS 10500 1992 Drinking water specification (Reaffirmed 1993), available - http://www.hppcb.nic.in/EIAsorang/Spec.pdf date 8.9.2007.
  • 10
    • 0034290572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of lead, cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by precipitation with sodium di-(n-octyl) phosphinate
    • Esalah J.O., Weber M.E., and Vera J.H. Removal of lead, cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by precipitation with sodium di-(n-octyl) phosphinate. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 78 (2000) 948-954
    • (2000) Can. J. Chem. Eng. , vol.78 , pp. 948-954
    • Esalah, J.O.1    Weber, M.E.2    Vera, J.H.3
  • 11
    • 0031163933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of cadmium from dilute solutions by hydroxyapatite. II. Flotation studies
    • Zouboulis A.I., Matis K.A., Lanara B.G., and Neskovic C.L. Removal of cadmium from dilute solutions by hydroxyapatite. II. Flotation studies. Sep. Sci. Technol. 32 (1997) 1755-1767
    • (1997) Sep. Sci. Technol. , vol.32 , pp. 1755-1767
    • Zouboulis, A.I.1    Matis, K.A.2    Lanara, B.G.3    Neskovic, C.L.4
  • 12
    • 0032898284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the sorption of toxic metals on chelant-impregnated adsorbent
    • Ravindran V., Stevens M.R., Badriyha B.N., and Pirbazari M. Modeling the sorption of toxic metals on chelant-impregnated adsorbent. AIChE J. 45 (1999) 1135-1146
    • (1999) AIChE J. , vol.45 , pp. 1135-1146
    • Ravindran, V.1    Stevens, M.R.2    Badriyha, B.N.3    Pirbazari, M.4
  • 13
    • 0036260552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient facilitated transport of lead, cadmium, zinc and silver across a flat sheet-supported liquid membrane mediated by lasalocid A
    • Canet L., Llpide M., and Seta P. Efficient facilitated transport of lead, cadmium, zinc and silver across a flat sheet-supported liquid membrane mediated by lasalocid A. Sep. Sci. Technol. 37 (2002) 1851-1860
    • (2002) Sep. Sci. Technol. , vol.37 , pp. 1851-1860
    • Canet, L.1    Llpide, M.2    Seta, P.3
  • 15
    • 0347985536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinc and cadmium adsorption on low-grade phosphate
    • Kandah M.I. Zinc and cadmium adsorption on low-grade phosphate. Sep. Purif. Technol. 35 (2004) 61-70
    • (2004) Sep. Purif. Technol. , vol.35 , pp. 61-70
    • Kandah, M.I.1
  • 16
    • 0023947443 scopus 로고
    • Adsorption of zinc, cadmium, and copper on activated carbons obtained from agricultural by-products
    • Ferro-García M.A., Rivera-Utrilla J., Rodríguez-Gordillo J., and Bautista-Toledo I. Adsorption of zinc, cadmium, and copper on activated carbons obtained from agricultural by-products. Carbon 26 (1988) 363-370
    • (1988) Carbon , vol.26 , pp. 363-370
    • Ferro-García, M.A.1    Rivera-Utrilla, J.2    Rodríguez-Gordillo, J.3    Bautista-Toledo, I.4
  • 17
    • 0032049151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sunflower stalks as adsorbents for the removal of metal ions from waste water
    • Sun G., and Shi W. Sunflower stalks as adsorbents for the removal of metal ions from waste water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37 4 (1998) 1324-1328
    • (1998) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 1324-1328
    • Sun, G.1    Shi, W.2
  • 18
    • 0033822992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sorption of cadmium and lead from aqueous solutions by spent grain
    • Low K.S., Lee C.K., and Liew S.C. Sorption of cadmium and lead from aqueous solutions by spent grain. Proc. Biochem. 36 (2000) 59-64
    • (2000) Proc. Biochem. , vol.36 , pp. 59-64
    • Low, K.S.1    Lee, C.K.2    Liew, S.C.3
  • 19
    • 0036137147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosorption of cadmium from aquatic systems by carboxymethylcellulose and immobilized Trametes versicolor
    • Yalcinkaya Y., Soysal L., Denizli A., Arica M.Y., Bektas S., and Genc O. Biosorption of cadmium from aquatic systems by carboxymethylcellulose and immobilized Trametes versicolor. Hydrometallurgy 63 1 (2002) 31-40
    • (2002) Hydrometallurgy , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-40
    • Yalcinkaya, Y.1    Soysal, L.2    Denizli, A.3    Arica, M.Y.4    Bektas, S.5    Genc, O.6
  • 20
    • 0036305248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper ion removal by almond shell carbons and commercial carbons: batch and column studies
    • Toles C.A., and Marshall W.E. Copper ion removal by almond shell carbons and commercial carbons: batch and column studies. Sep. Sci. Technol. 37 (2002) 2369-2383
    • (2002) Sep. Sci. Technol. , vol.37 , pp. 2369-2383
    • Toles, C.A.1    Marshall, W.E.2
  • 21
    • 0037166990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lignocellulosic materials as potential biosorbents of trace toxic metals from wastewater
    • Basso M.C., Cerrella E.G., and Cukierman A.L. Lignocellulosic materials as potential biosorbents of trace toxic metals from wastewater. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 3580-3585
    • (2002) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , vol.41 , pp. 3580-3585
    • Basso, M.C.1    Cerrella, E.G.2    Cukierman, A.L.3
  • 22
    • 33644917763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modified hardwood saw dust as adsorbent of heavy metal ions from water
    • Sciban M., Klasnja M., and Skrbic B. Modified hardwood saw dust as adsorbent of heavy metal ions from water. Wood Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 217-227
    • (2006) Wood Sci. Technol. , vol.40 , pp. 217-227
    • Sciban, M.1    Klasnja, M.2    Skrbic, B.3
  • 23
    • 0142248736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of chemically modified and unmodified cassava waste for the removal of Cd, Cu and Zn ions from aqueous solution
    • Abia A.A., Harsfall Jr. M., and Didi O. The use of chemically modified and unmodified cassava waste for the removal of Cd, Cu and Zn ions from aqueous solution. Biores. Technol. 90 (2003) 345-348
    • (2003) Biores. Technol. , vol.90 , pp. 345-348
    • Abia, A.A.1    Harsfall Jr., M.2    Didi, O.3
  • 24
    • 0345167937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of zinc from aqueous solutions using baggage fly ash-a low cost adsorbent
    • Gupta V.K., and Sharma S. Removal of zinc from aqueous solutions using baggage fly ash-a low cost adsorbent. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 25 (2003) 6619-6624
    • (2003) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , vol.42 , Issue.25 , pp. 6619-6624
    • Gupta, V.K.1    Sharma, S.2
  • 25
    • 2942693891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption characteristics of wheat bran towards heavy metal cations
    • Farajzadeh M.A., and Monji A.B. Adsorption characteristics of wheat bran towards heavy metal cations. Sep. Purif. Technol. 38 (2004) 197-207
    • (2004) Sep. Purif. Technol. , vol.38 , pp. 197-207
    • Farajzadeh, M.A.1    Monji, A.B.2
  • 27
    • 0038337829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass transport model for the fixed bed sorption of metal ions on bone char
    • Ko D.C.K., Porter J.F., and Mckay G. Mass transport model for the fixed bed sorption of metal ions on bone char. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 (2003) 3458-3469
    • (2003) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , vol.42 , pp. 3458-3469
    • Ko, D.C.K.1    Porter, J.F.2    Mckay, G.3
  • 28
    • 0142063020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy metal removal by olive pomace: biosorbent characterisation and equilibrium modeling
    • Pegnanelli F., Mainelli S., Veglio F., and Toro L. Heavy metal removal by olive pomace: biosorbent characterisation and equilibrium modeling. Chem. Eng. Sci. 58 (2003) 4709-4717
    • (2003) Chem. Eng. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 4709-4717
    • Pegnanelli, F.1    Mainelli, S.2    Veglio, F.3    Toro, L.4
  • 30
    • 0442296784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosoption of cadmium by brown, green and red seaweeds
    • Hashim M.A., and Chu K.H. Biosoption of cadmium by brown, green and red seaweeds. Chem. Eng. J. 97 (2004) 249-255
    • (2004) Chem. Eng. J. , vol.97 , pp. 249-255
    • Hashim, M.A.1    Chu, K.H.2
  • 31
    • 1542290338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudo-isotherms for the sorption of cadmium ion onto tree fern
    • Ho Y.S., and Wang C.C. Pseudo-isotherms for the sorption of cadmium ion onto tree fern. Proc. Biochem. 39 (2004) 761-765
    • (2004) Proc. Biochem. , vol.39 , pp. 761-765
    • Ho, Y.S.1    Wang, C.C.2
  • 32
    • 33646844779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium studies for the sorption of zinc and copper from aqueous solutions using sugar beat pulp and fly ash
    • Pehlivan E., Cetin S., and Yanik B.H. Equilibrium studies for the sorption of zinc and copper from aqueous solutions using sugar beat pulp and fly ash. J. Hazard. Mater. 135 1-3 (2005) 193-199
    • (2005) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.135 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 193-199
    • Pehlivan, E.1    Cetin, S.2    Yanik, B.H.3
  • 34
    • 19744375770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low cost bio-sorbent "maize bran" for the removal of cadmium from wastewater
    • Singh K.K., Rupainwar D.C., and Hasan S.H. Low cost bio-sorbent "maize bran" for the removal of cadmium from wastewater. J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 82 (2005) 342-346
    • (2005) J. Ind. Chem. Soc. , vol.82 , pp. 342-346
    • Singh, K.K.1    Rupainwar, D.C.2    Hasan, S.H.3
  • 35
    • 39749186072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption, kinetics and equilibrium studies on removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using different low-cost adsorbents
    • Bhattacharya A.K., Naiya T.K., Mondal S.N., and Das S.K. Adsorption, kinetics and equilibrium studies on removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using different low-cost adsorbents. Chem. Eng. J. 137 (2008) 529-541
    • (2008) Chem. Eng. J. , vol.137 , pp. 529-541
    • Bhattacharya, A.K.1    Naiya, T.K.2    Mondal, S.N.3    Das, S.K.4
  • 37
    • 4043130911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of heavy metal ions from water by using calcined phosphate as a new adsorbent
    • Akil A., Mouflih M., and Sebti S. Removal of heavy metal ions from water by using calcined phosphate as a new adsorbent. J. Hazard. Mater. 112 (2004) 183-190
    • (2004) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.112 , pp. 183-190
    • Akil, A.1    Mouflih, M.2    Sebti, S.3
  • 38
    • 27844570488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential of sawdust for the decontamination of lead from aqueous media
    • Khalid N., Rahman S., and Ahamad S. Potential of sawdust for the decontamination of lead from aqueous media. Sep. Sci. Technol. 40 (2005) 2427-2443
    • (2005) Sep. Sci. Technol. , vol.40 , pp. 2427-2443
    • Khalid, N.1    Rahman, S.2    Ahamad, S.3
  • 40
    • 0036315991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous systems by biosorptive flotation
    • Zouboulis I.A., Lazaridis K.N., and Matis K.A. Removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous systems by biosorptive flotation. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 77 (2002) 958-964
    • (2002) J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , vol.77 , pp. 958-964
    • Zouboulis, I.A.1    Lazaridis, K.N.2    Matis, K.A.3
  • 41
    • 33748514329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption of Zn(II) from aqueous solutions by using different adsorbents
    • Bhattacharya A.K., Mandal S.N., and Das S.K. Adsorption of Zn(II) from aqueous solutions by using different adsorbents. Chem. Eng. J. 123 (2006) 43-51
    • (2006) Chem. Eng. J. , vol.123 , pp. 43-51
    • Bhattacharya, A.K.1    Mandal, S.N.2    Das, S.K.3
  • 42
    • 0037267665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activated carbon from coconut coirpitch as metal adsorbent: adsorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solution
    • Kadirvelu K., and Namasivayam C. Activated carbon from coconut coirpitch as metal adsorbent: adsorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. Adv. Environ. Res. 7 (2003) 471-478
    • (2003) Adv. Environ. Res. , vol.7 , pp. 471-478
    • Kadirvelu, K.1    Namasivayam, C.2
  • 43
    • 0036332414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective adsorption of chromium(VI) in industrial waste water using low cost abundantly available adsorbents
    • Dakiky M., Khamis M., Manassra M., and Mer'eb M. Selective adsorption of chromium(VI) in industrial waste water using low cost abundantly available adsorbents. Adv. Environ. Res. 6 (2002) 533-540
    • (2002) Adv. Environ. Res. , vol.6 , pp. 533-540
    • Dakiky, M.1    Khamis, M.2    Manassra, M.3    Mer'eb, M.4
  • 45
    • 0003174656 scopus 로고
    • Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption geloster stoffe. Kungliga Sevenska Vetenskapasakademiens
    • Lagergren S. Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption geloster stoffe. Kungliga Sevenska Vetenskapasakademiens. Handlingar 24 (1898) 1-39
    • (1898) Handlingar , vol.24 , pp. 1-39
    • Lagergren, S.1
  • 46
    • 0033760424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of the sorption of divalent metal ions on to peat
    • Ho Y.S., Mckay G., Wase D.A.J., and Foster C.F. Study of the sorption of divalent metal ions on to peat. Ads. Sci. Technol. 18 (2000) 639-650
    • (2000) Ads. Sci. Technol. , vol.18 , pp. 639-650
    • Ho, Y.S.1    Mckay, G.2    Wase, D.A.J.3    Foster, C.F.4
  • 48
    • 0019505566 scopus 로고
    • Mercury adsorption by waste rubber
    • Knocke W.R., and Hemphill L.H. Mercury adsorption by waste rubber. Water Res. 15 2 (1981) 275-282
    • (1981) Water Res. , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 275-282
    • Knocke, W.R.1    Hemphill, L.H.2
  • 50
    • 33947449938 scopus 로고
    • Properties of ion-exchange resins in relation to their structure. III. Kinetics of exchange
    • Reichenberg D. Properties of ion-exchange resins in relation to their structure. III. Kinetics of exchange. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75 (1953) 589-597
    • (1953) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 589-597
    • Reichenberg, D.1
  • 51
    • 0019459397 scopus 로고
    • Surface mass transfer processes during colour removal from effluent using silica
    • McKay G., Oterburn M.S., and Sweeney A.C. Surface mass transfer processes during colour removal from effluent using silica. Water Res. 15 (1981) 327-331
    • (1981) Water Res. , vol.15 , pp. 327-331
    • McKay, G.1    Oterburn, M.S.2    Sweeney, A.C.3
  • 52
    • 0007601535 scopus 로고
    • The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica, and platinum
    • Langmuir I. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica, and platinum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40 (1918) 1361-1368
    • (1918) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.40 , pp. 1361-1368
    • Langmuir, I.1
  • 53
    • 0016037387 scopus 로고
    • Pore and solid diffusion models for fixed bed adsorbents
    • Weber T.W., and Chakraborti R.K. Pore and solid diffusion models for fixed bed adsorbents. AIChE J. 20 (1974) 228-238
    • (1974) AIChE J. , vol.20 , pp. 228-238
    • Weber, T.W.1    Chakraborti, R.K.2
  • 54
    • 0020174382 scopus 로고
    • Adsorption of dyes on chitin I. Equilibrium studies
    • McKay G., Blair H.S., and Gardener J.R. Adsorption of dyes on chitin I. Equilibrium studies. J. Appl. Pol. Sci. 27 (1982) 3043-3057
    • (1982) J. Appl. Pol. Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 3043-3057
    • McKay, G.1    Blair, H.S.2    Gardener, J.R.3
  • 55
    • 0013072919 scopus 로고
    • Adsorption in solution
    • Freundlich H. Adsorption in solution. Phys. Chem. Soc. 40 (1906) 1361-1368
    • (1906) Phys. Chem. Soc. , vol.40 , pp. 1361-1368
    • Freundlich, H.1
  • 57
    • 0001377274 scopus 로고
    • Modern state of theory of volume filling of micropore adsorbents during adsorption of gases and steams on carbon adsorbent
    • Dubilin M.M. Modern state of theory of volume filling of micropore adsorbents during adsorption of gases and steams on carbon adsorbent. Z. Fizichekoi Khimii 39 (1965) 1305-1317
    • (1965) Z. Fizichekoi Khimii , vol.39 , pp. 1305-1317
    • Dubilin, M.M.1
  • 58
    • 37049151952 scopus 로고
    • Theories of the adsorption of gases. A general survey and some additional remarks
    • Polanyi M. Theories of the adsorption of gases. A general survey and some additional remarks. Trans. Faraday Soc. 28 (1932) 316-332
    • (1932) Trans. Faraday Soc. , vol.28 , pp. 316-332
    • Polanyi, M.1
  • 59
    • 0000210206 scopus 로고
    • Sorption and structure of activated carbons I. Adsorption of organic vapors
    • Dubinin M.M., Zaverina E.d., and Radushkevich L.V. Sorption and structure of activated carbons I. Adsorption of organic vapors. Z. Fizicheskoi Khimii 21 (1947) 1351-1462
    • (1947) Z. Fizicheskoi Khimii , vol.21 , pp. 1351-1462
    • Dubinin, M.M.1    Zaverina, E.d.2    Radushkevich, L.V.3
  • 60
    • 38849139169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosorption of Pb(II) and Cr(III) from aqueous solution by lichen (Parmelina tiliaceae) biomass
    • Uluozlu O.D., Sari A., Tuzen M., and Soylak M. Biosorption of Pb(II) and Cr(III) from aqueous solution by lichen (Parmelina tiliaceae) biomass. Biores. Technol. 99 (2008) 2972-2980
    • (2008) Biores. Technol. , vol.99 , pp. 2972-2980
    • Uluozlu, O.D.1    Sari, A.2    Tuzen, M.3    Soylak, M.4
  • 61
    • 33646514654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of mesoporous rice husk ash (RHA) and adsorption kinetics of metal ions from aqueous solution onto RHA
    • Srivastava V.C., Mall I.D., and Mishra I.M. Characterisation of mesoporous rice husk ash (RHA) and adsorption kinetics of metal ions from aqueous solution onto RHA. J. Hazard. Mater. 314 (2006) 257-267
    • (2006) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.314 , pp. 257-267
    • Srivastava, V.C.1    Mall, I.D.2    Mishra, I.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.