Behavioral disturbances: The missing link between sub-organismal and supra-organismal responses to stress? Prospects based on aquatic research

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 87-110

  Amiard Triquet, Claude ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES   (France)

Author keywords

Behavior; Biochemical markers; Chemical stress; Physiological biomarkers; Population responses

Indexed keywords

EID: 60849107612     PISSN: 10807039     EISSN: 15497860     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10807030802615543     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Adkins-Regan E and Weber DN. 2002. Mechanisms of behaviour. In: Dell'Omo G (ed), Behavioural Ecotoxicology, pp. 91-166. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
2. Allan IJ, Vrana B, Greenwood R, et al. 2006. A "toolbox" for biological and chemical monitoring requirements for the European Union's Water Framework Directive. Talanta 69:302-22
3. Amiard JC and Amiard-Triquet C. 1986. Influence de diffŕnts facteurs ćlogiques et de contaminations mt́lliques expŕmentales sur le comportement d'enfouissement de Cardium edule L. (mollusques lamellibranches). Water Air Soil Pollut 27:117-30
4. Asthaus M. 1992. Dissolved Trace Metals in the Estuarine Plumes of the Humber, Thames and Rhine Rivers. PhD Dissertaton. University of Southampton, Southhampton, UK
5. Atchinson GJ, Henry MG, and Sandheinrich MB. 1987. Effects of metals on fish behavior: A review. Environ Biol Fish 18:11-25
6. Baatrup E. 2009. Measuring complex behavior patterns in fish-Effects of endocrine disrupters on the guppy reproductive behavior. Hum Ecol Risk Assess {this issue)
7. Balthazart J, Cornil CA, Taziaux M, et al. 2006. Rapid changes in production and behavioral action of estrogens. Neuroscience 138:783-91
8. Barron MG. 2002. Environmental contaminants altering behaviour. In: Dell'Omo G (ed), Behavioural Ecotoxicology, pp. 167-86. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
9. Bayley M. 2002. Basic behaviour: The use of animal locomotion in behavioural ecotoxicology. In: Dell'Omo G (ed), Behavioural Ecotoxicology, pp. 211-30. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
10. Beauvais SL, Jones SB, Brewer SK, et al. 2000. Physiological measures of neurotoxicity of diazinon and malathion to larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their correlation with behavioral measures. Environ Toxicol Chem 19:1875-80
11. Beauvais SL, Jones SB, Parris JT, et al. 2001. Cholinergic and behavioral neurotoxicity of carbaryl and cadmium to larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 49:84-90
12. Bender N, Heg D, Hamilton IM, et al. 2006. The relationship between social status, behaviour, growth and steroids in male helpers and breeders of a cooperatively breeding cichlid. Hormon Behav 50:173-82
13. Benoit DA, Sibley PK, Juenemann JL, et. al. 1997. Chironomus tentans life-cycle test: Design and evaluation for use in assessing toxicity of contaminated sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:1165-76
14. BlaxterJHS and Hallers-Tjabbes CCT 1992. The effect of pollutants on sensory systems and behaviour of aquatic animals. Neth J Aquat Ecol 26:43-58
15. Bonnard M, Roméo M, and Amiard-Triquet C. 2009. Effects of copper on the burrowing behavior of estuarine and coastal invertebrates, the polychaete Nereis diversicolor and the bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Hum Ecol Risk Assess (this issue)
16. Boyd WA, Brewer SK, and Williams PL. 2002. Altered behaviour of invertebrates living in polluted environments. In: Dell'Omo G (ed), Behavioural Ecotoxicology, pp. 293-336. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
17. Brewer SK, Little EE, DeLonay AJ, et al. 2001. Behavioral dysfunctions correlate to altered physiology in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to cholinesterase-inhibiting chemicals. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 40:70-6
18. Brown DA and Parsons TR. 1978. Relationship between cytoplasmic distribution of mercury and toxic effects to zooplankton and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) exposed to mercury in a controlled ecosystem. J Fish Res Bd Can 35:800-84
19. Bryan MD, Atchison GJ, and Sandheinrich MB. 1995. Effects of cadmium on the foraging behavior and growth of juvenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52:1630-8
20. Byrne PA and O'Halloran J. 1999. Aspects of assaying sediment toxicity in Irish estuarine ecosystems. Mar Pollut Bull 39:97-105
21. Carreau ND and Pyle GG. 2005. Effect of copper exposure during embryonic development on chemosensory function of juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 61:1-6
22. Castonguay M and Cyr DG. 1998. Effects of temperature on spontaneous and thyroxinestimulated locomotor activity of Atlantic cod. J Fish Biol 53:303-15
23. Congdon JD, Dunham AE, Hopkins WA, et al. 2001. Resource allocation-based life histories: A conceptual basis for studies of ecological toxicology. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:1698-703
24. Cooper NL and Bidwell JR. 2006. Cholinesterase inhibition and impacts on behavior of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, after exposure to an organophosphate insecticide. Aquat Toxicol 76:258-67
25. De Coen WM and Janssen CR. 2003. The missing biomarker link: Relationships between effects on the cellular energy allocation biomarker of toxicant-stressed Daphnia magna and corresponding population characteristics. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:1632-41
26. De Lange HJ, Peeters ETHM, and Lülling M. 2008. Changes in ventilation and locomotion of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in response to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals, using principal response curves. Hum Ecol Risk Assess (this issue)
27. Dell'Omo G. 2002. Behavioural Ecotoxicology. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
28. Depledge MH. 1994. The rational basis for the use of biomarkers as ecotoxicological tools. In: Fossi MC and Leonzio C (eds), Nondestructive Biomarkers in Vertebrates, pp. 271-95. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fl, USA
29. Douthwaite RJ, Fox PJ, Matthiessen P, et al. 1981. Environmental Impact of Aerosols of Endosulfan, Applied for Tsetse Fly Control in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Final Report of the Endosulfan Monitoring Project. Overseas Development Administration, London, UK
30. Eisler R. 2000. Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment-Health Hazards to Humans, Plants and Animals. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA
31. Eriksson Wiklund A-K, Borjesson T, and Wiklund SJ. 2006. Avoidance response of sediment living amphipods to zinc pyrithione as a measure of sediment toxicity. Mar Pollut Bull 52:96-9
32. Faulk CK, Fuiman LA, and Thomas P. 1999. Parental exposure to ortho, para-dichlorodipheny-Itricchloroethane impairs survival skills of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 18:254-62
33. Fingerman S and Russell L. 1980. Effects of the polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1242 on locomotor activity and on the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain of the gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 25:682-7
34. Fjeld E, Haugen TO, and Vollestad LA. 1998. Permanent impairment in the feeding behavior of grayling (Thymallus thymallus) exposed to methylmercury during embryogenesis. Sci Tot Environ 213:247-54
35. Forbes VE, Palmqvist A, and Bach L. 2006. The use and misuse of biomarkers in ecotoxicology. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:272-80
36. Fulton MH and Key PB. 2001. Actylcholinesterase inhibition in estuarine fish and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorus insecticide exposure and effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:37-45
37. Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, et al. 2006. The ECOMAN project: A novel approach to defining sustainable ecosystem function. Mar Pollut Bull 53:186-94
38. Garcia-de la Parra LM, Bautista-Covarrubias JC, Rivera-de la Rosa N, et al. 2006. Effects of methamidophos on acetylcholinesterase activity, behavior, and feeding rate of the white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 65:372-80
39. Garrigues P, Barth H, Walker CH, et al. 2001. Biomarkers in Marine Organisms: A Practical Approach. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
40. Gerhardt A. 1992. Subacute effects of iron (Fe) on Leptophlebia marginata (L.) (Insecta: Ephemeroptera). Freshwater Biol 27:79-84
41. Gerhardt A. 1996. Behavioural early warning responses to polluted water. Performance of Gammarus pulex L. (Crustacea) and Hydropsyeheangustipennis (Curtis) (Insecta) toacomplex industrial effluent. Environ Sci Pollut Res 3:63-70
42. Gerhardt A. 1999. Recent trends in online biomonitoring for water quality control. In: Gerhardt A (ed), Biomonitoring of Polluted Water. Reviews on Actual Topics. Environmental Research Forum, vol. 9, pp. 95-118. TTP, Switzerland
43. Gerhardt A. 2006. Importance of exposure route for behavioural responses in Lumbriculus variegatus Müller (Oligochaeta: Lumbriculida) in short-term exposures to Pb. Env Sci Pollut Res (STILL ONLINE)
44. Gerhardt A. 2009. Screening the toxicity of Ni, Cd, Cu, ivermectin, and imidacloprid in a shortterm automated behavioral toxicity test with Tubifex tubifex (Muller 1774) (Oligochaeta). Hum Ecol Risk Assess (this issue)
45. Gerhardt A and Janssens de Bisthoven L. 1995. Behavioural, developmental and morphological responses of Chironomus gr. thummi larvae (Diptera) to aquatic pollution. J Aquat Ecosystem Health 4:205-14
46. Gerhardt A and Westermann F. 1995. Effects of precipitations of iron hydroxides on Leptophlebia margi.nata (L.) (Insects: Ephemeroptera) in the field. Archivfur Hydrobiol 133:81-93
47. Gerhardt A, Janssens de Bisthoven L, and Soares AMVM. 2004. Macroinvertebrate response to acid mine drainage: Community metrics and on-line behavioural toxicity bioassay. Environ Pollut 130:263-74
48. Gerhardt A, Janssens de Bisthoven L, and Soares AMVM. 2005. Evidence for the Stepwise Stress Model: Gambusia holbrooki and Daphnia magna under AMD and acid stress. Environ Sci Technol 39:4150-8
49. Gopal K, Anand M, Mehrota S, et al. 1985. Neurobehavioural changes in fresh water fish Channa punctatus exposed to endosulfan. J Adv Zool 6:74-80
50. Graça MAS. 2001. The role of invertebrates on leaf litter decomposition in streams-A review. Internal Rev Hydrobiol 86:383-93
51. Grippo MA and Heath AG. 2003. The effect of mercury on the feeding behavior of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 55:187-98
52. Grue CE, Gardner SC, and Gibert PL. 2002. On the significance of pollutant-induced alterations in the behaviour of fish and wildlife. In: DeH'Omo G (ed), Behavioural Ecotoxicology, pp. 1-90. John Wiley & Sons, Chicester, UK
53. Guilhermino L, Barros B, Silva MC, et al. 1998. Should the use of inhibition of cholinesterase as a specific biomarker for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides be questioned? Biomarkers 3:157-63
54. Heath AG, Cecil JJ, Brink L, et al. 1997. Physiological Responses of Fathead Minnow Larvae to Rice Pesticides. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 37:280-8
55. Holloway GJ, Sibly RM, and Povey SR. 1990. Evolution in toxin-stressed environments. Funct Ecol 4:289-94
56. Hontela A. 2000. Endocrine biomarkers: Hormonal indicators of sublethal toxicity in fishes. In: Lagadic L, Caquet T, AmiardJ-C, et al. (eds), Use of Biomarkers for Environmental Quality Assessment, 1, pp. 187-204. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA
57. Jones JC and Reynolds JD. 1997. Effects of pollution on reproductive behaviour of fishes. Rev Fish Biol Fish 7:463-91
58. Jones MB and Johnson I. 1992. Responses of the brackish-water amphipod Gammarus duebeni (Crustacea) to saline sewage. Neth J Sea Res 30:141-7
59. Keizer J, D'Agostino G, Nagel R, et al. 1995. Enzymological differences of AChE and diazinon hepatic metabolism: Correlation of in vitro data with the selective toxicity of diazinon to fish species. Sci Total Environ 171:213-20
60. Kienle C, Köhler HR, Filser J, et al.. 2008. Effects of nickel chloride and oxygen depletion on behaviour and vitality of zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) (Pisces, Cyprmiformes) embryos and larvae. Environ Pollut 152:612-20
61. Klerks PL and Weis JS. 1987. Genetic adaptation to heavy metals in aquatic organisms: A review. Environ Pollut 45:173-205
62. Knapp R and Bryan DN. 2006. Relationships among steroid hormones, body size, paternity, and parental care behaviors in male bluegill sunfish. Front Neuroendocrinol 27:25
63. Krebs CT and Burns KA. 1997. Long-term effects of an oil spill on populations of the salt-marsh crab Uca pugnax. Science 197:484-7
64. Kruzynski GM and Birtwell IK. 1994. A predation bioassay to quantify the ecological significance of sublethal responses of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the antisaptain fungicide TCMTB. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 51:1780-90
65. Lagadic L, Caquet T, Amiard JC, et al. 2000. Use of Biomarkers for Environmental Quality Assessment. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, LISA
66. Lawrence AJ and Poulter C. 1998. Development of a sub-lethal pollution bioassay using the estuarine amphipod Gammarus duebeni. Water Res 32:569-78
67. Leatherland JF. 1998. Changes in thyroid hormone economy following consumption of environmentally contaminated Great lakes fish. Toxicol Ind Health 14:41-57
68. Lecfort H, Thompson SM, Cowles EE, et al. 1999. Ramifications of predator avoidance: Predator and heavy-metal-mediated competition between tadpoles and snails. Ecol Appl 9:1477-89
69. Lehtonen KK and Leiniö S. 2003. Effects of exposure to copper and malathion on metallothionein levels and acetylcholinesterase activity of the mussel Mytilus edulis and the clam Macoma balthica from the northern Baltic Sea. Brill Environ Contam Toxicol 71:489-96
70. Little EE. 2002. Behavioural measures of injuries to fish and aquatic organisms: Regulatory considerations. In: Dell'Omo G (ed), Behavioural Ecotoxicology, pp. 411-31. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
71. Maltby L, Kedwards TJ, Forbes VE, et al. 2001. Linking individual-level responses and population-level consequences. In: Baird DJ and Burton GAJ (eds), Ecological Variability: Separating Natural from Anthropogenic Causes of Ecosystem Impairment, pp. 27-82. SETAC, Pensacola, FL, USA
72. Maltby L, Clayton SA, Wood RM, et al. 2002. Evaluation of the Gammarus pulex in situ feeding assay as a biomonitor of water quality: Robustness, responsiveness, and relevance. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:361-8
73. Mani SK. 2006. Signaling mechanisms in progesterone-neurotransmitter interactions. Neuroscience 138:773-81
74. Mason AZ and Jenkins KD. 1995. Metal detoxication in aquatic organisms. In: Tessier A and Turner DR (eds), Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, pp. 479-608. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
75. McDonald TO. 1979. Comparison of the Effects of Parathion and DDT on the Concentrations of Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Dopamine in the Brain and Retine/Pigment Epithelium/Chloroid of the Goldfish. PhD Dissertation. Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
76. Mermillod-Blondin F, François-Carcaillet F, and Rosenberg R. 2005. Biodiversity of benthic invertebrates and organic matter processing in shallow marine sediments: An experimental study. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 315:187-205
77. Mesa MG, Poe TP, Gadomski DM, et al. 1994. Are all prey created equal? A review and synthesis of differential predation on prey in substandard condition. J Fish Biol 45:81-96
78. Mohlenberg F and Kiorboe T. 1983. Burrowing and avoidance behaviour in marine organisms exposed to pesticide-contaminated sediment. Mar Pollut Bull 14:57-60
79. Moore MN. 1993. Biomarkers of contaminant exposure and effect: A way forward in marine environmental toxicology. Sci Total Environ 1993:1335-43
80. Moreira SM, Lima I, Ribeiro R, et al. 2006. Effects of estuarine sediment contamination on feeding and on key physiological functions of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. Laboratory and in situ assays. Aquat Toxicol 78:186-201
81. Moreira-Santos M, Fonseca AL, Moreira SM, et al. 2005. Short-term sublethal (sediment and aquatic roots of floating macrophytes) assays with a tropical chironomid based on postexposure feeding and biomarkers. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:2234-42
82. 50 of Donax trunculus Linnaeus (Bivalvia-Donacidae). Bull Environ Con tarn Toxicol 70:713-22
83. Newman MC and Unger MA. 2003. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology. Lewis Publishers, London, UK
84. Parducz A, Hajszan T, MacLusky NJ, et al. 2006. Synaptic remodeling induced by gonadal hormones: Neuronal plasticity as a mediator of neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to steroids. Neuroscience 138:977-85
85. Passino-Reader DR, Berlin WH, and Hickey JP 1995. Chronic bioassays of rainbow trout fry with compounds representative of contaminants in Great Lakes fish. J Great Lakes Res 21:373-83
86. Payne JF, Mathieu A, Melvin W, et al. 1996. Acetylcholinesterase, an old biomarker with a newfuture? Field trials in association with two urban livers and a paper mill in Newfoundland. Mar Pollut Bull 32:225-31
87. Peakall DB, Thompson H and Baatrup E. 2002. Relationship between behaviour and the biochemical/physiological biomarkers of exposure to environmental pollutants. In: Dell'Omo G (ed), Behavioural Ecotoxicology, pp. 187-208. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
88. Pearson WH, Woodruff DL, Sugarman PC, et al. 1981. Effects of oiled sediment on predation on the Littleneck clam, Protothaca staminea, by the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Est Coast Shelf Sci 13:445-54
89. Peeters ETHM, De Lange HJ, and Li Urling M. 2008. Variation in the behavior of the freshwater shrimp Gammarus pulex. Hum Ecol Risk Assess {this issue)
90. Perez MH and Wallace WG. 2004. Differences in prey capture in grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, collected along an environment impact gradient. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 46:81-9
91. Perreault HAN, Semsar K, and Godwin J. 2003. Fluoxetine treatment decreases territorial aggression in a coral reef fish. Physiol Behavior 79:719-24
92. Phelps HL, Hardy JT, Pearson WH, et al. 1983. Clam burrowing behaviour: Inhibition by copper-enriched sediment. Mar Pollut Bull 14:452-5
93. Pynnönen K 1996. Heavy metal-induced changes in the feeding and burrowing behaviour of a Baltic isopod, Saduria (Mesidotea) entomon L. Mar Environ Res 41:145-56
94. Rand GM. 1985. Behavior. In: Rand GM and Petrocelli SR (eds), Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Methods and Applications, pp. 221-63. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, DC, USA
95. Riddell DJ, Culp JM, and Baird DJ. 2005. Behavioral responses to sublethal cadmium exposure within an experimental aquatic food web. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:431-41
96. Roast SD, Widdows J, and Jones MB. 2000. Disruption of swimming in the hyperbenthic mysid Neomysis integer (Peracarida: Mysidacea) by the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. Aquat Toxicol 47:227-41
97. Roast SD, Widdows J, and Jones MB. 2001. Impairment of mysid (Neomysis integer) swimming ability: An environmentally realistic assessment of the impact of cadmium exposure. Aquat Toxicol 52:217-27
98. Roper DS and Hickey CW. 1994. Behavioural responses of the marine bivalve Macoma liliana exposed to copper- and chlordane-dosed sediments. Mar Biol 118:673-80
99. Roper DS, Nipper MG, Hickey CW, et al. 1995. Burial, crawling and drifting behaviour of the bivalve Macomona liliana in response to common sediment contaminants. Mar Pollut Bull 31:471-8
100. Rose KA, Murphy CA, Diamond SL, et al. 2003. Using nested models and laboratory data for predicting population effects of contaminants on fish: A step toward a bottom-up approach for establishing causality in field studies. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 9:231-57
101. Sandahl JF, Baldwin DH, Jenkins JJ, et al. 2005. Comparative thresholds for acetylcholine sterase inhibition and behavioral impairment in coho salmon exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:136-45
102. Sandhreinrich MB and Atchison GJ. 1990. Sublethal toxicant effects on fish foraging behavior: Empirical vs. mechanistic approaches. Environ Toxicol Chem 9:107-19
103. Santiago C. 1997. Size Frequency Distribution of Grass Shrimp and Predator/Prey Relationships Between Grass Shrimp and Killifrsh in Two New Jersey Estuaries. MSc Thesis. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
104. Scarfe AD, Jones KA, Steele CW, et al. 1982. Locomotor behavior of four marine teleosts in response to sublethal copper exposure. Aquat Toxicol 2:335-53
105. Scherer E and McNicol RE. 1998. Preference-avoidance responses of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to competing gradients of light and copper, lead, and zinc. Water Res 32:924-9
106. Scott GR and Sloman KA. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: Integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquat Toxicol 68:369-92
107. Shin PKS, Ng AWM, and Cheung RYH. 2002. Burrowing responses of the short-neck clam Ruditapes philippinarum to sediment contaminants. Mar Pollut Bull 45:133-9
108. Sisneros JA, Forlano PM, Knapp R, et al. 2004. Seasonal variation of steroid hormone levels in an intertidal-nesting fish, the vocal plainfin midshipman. Gen Comp Endocrinol 136:101-16
109. Sloman KA, Lepage O, Rogers JT, et al. 2005. Socially-mediated differences in brain monoam ines in rainbow trout: Effects of trace metal contaminants. Aquat Toxicol 71:237-47
110. Smith GM, Khan AT, Weis JS, et al. 1995. Behavior and brain chemistry correlates in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) from polluted and unpolluted environments. Mar Environ Res 39:329-33
111. Smith GM and Weis JS. 1997. Predator-prey relationships in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroditus (L.)): Effects of living in a polluted environment. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 209:75-87
112. Tessier L, Boisvert JL, Vought LBM, et al. 2000. Anomalies on capture nets of Hydropsyche slossonae larvae (Trichoptera; Hydropsychidae), a potential indicator of chronic toxicity of malathion (organophosphate insecticide). Aquat Toxicol 50:125-39
113. Thomas P, Wofford HW, and Neff JM. 1981. Biochemical stress responses of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) to fluorene analogs. Aquat Toxicol 1:329-42
114. Toft G, Baatrup E, and Guillette JLJ. 2004. Altered social behavior and sexual characteristics in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) living downstream of a paper mill. Aquat Toxicol 70:213-22
115. Trainor BC, Greiwe KM, and Nelson RJ. 2006. Individual differences in estrogen receptor [alpha] in select brain nuclei are associated with individual differences in aggression. Hormon Behav 50:338-45
116. Triebskom R, Köhler H-R, Honnen W, et al. 1997. Induction of heat shock proteins, changes in liver ultrastructure, and alterations of fish behavior: Are these biomarkers related and are they useful to reflect the state of pollution in the field? J Aquatic Ecosyst Stress Recov 6:57-73
117. Wallace WG and Estephan A. 2004. Differential susceptibility of horizontal and vertical swimming activity to cadmium exposure in a gammaridean amphipod (Gammarus lawrencianus). Aquat Toxicol 69:289-97
118. Wallace WG, Hoexum Broewer TM, Brouwer M, et al. 2000. Alterations in prey capUire and induction of metallothioneins in grass shrimp fed cadmium-contaminated prey. Environ Toxicol Chem 19:962-71
119. Weber DN, Russo A, Seale DB, et al. 1991. Waterborne lead affects feeding neurotransmitter levels of juvenile fathead minnows {Pimephales promelas). Aquat Toxicol 21:71-80
120. Weber DN, Dingel WM, Panos JJ, et al. 1997. Alterations in neurobehavioral responses in fishes exposed to lead and lead-chelating agents. Am Zool 37:354-62
121. Weis JS, Smith GM, Zhou T, et al. 2001. Effects of contaminants on behavior: Biochemical mechanisms and ecological consequences. BioScience 51:209-17
122. Weis P and Weis JS. 1974. DDT causes changes in activity and schooling behavior in goldfish. Environ Res 7:68-74
123. Zhou, T and Weis JS. 1999. Predator avoidance in mummichog larvae from a polluted habitat. J Fish Biol 54:44-57
124. Zinkl JG, Lockhart WL, Kenny SA, et. al. 1991. The effects of cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides on fish. In: Mineau P (ed), Cholinesterase-inhibiting Insecticides. Their Impact on Wildlife and the Environment, pp. 233-54. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.