EDTA-assisted Pb phytoextraction

Chemosphere

Volumn 74, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1279-1291

  Saifullah, ^a   Meers, E ^b   Qadir, M ^c   de Caritat, P ^d   Tack, F M G ^b   Du Laing, G ^b   Zia, M H ^a,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^c INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS ICARDA   (Syrian Arab Republic)

^d Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration ^*  (Australia)

^e Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

EDTA; Heavy metal; Pb; Phytoextraction; Phytoremediation; Soil remediation

Indexed keywords

EDTA; PB; PHYTOEXTRACTION; PHYTOREMEDIATION; SOIL REMEDIATION;

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BIOMASS; BIOREMEDIATION; CHELATION; LEACHING; LEAD; LEAD ALLOYS; METAL ANALYSIS; METALS; ORGANIC ACIDS; SOIL CONSERVATION; SOIL MOISTURE; SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL;

SOIL POLLUTION;

EDTA; EXTRACTION METHOD; HEAVY METAL; LEACHING; LEAD; PHYTOREMEDIATION; SOIL POLLUTION; SOIL PROPERTY; SOIL REMEDIATION;

BIODEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL; BIOMASS; CHELATING AGENTS; EDETIC ACID; LEAD; PLANTS; SOIL POLLUTANTS;

EID: 60749124422     PISSN: 00456535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.007     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Abreu C.A., Abreu M.F., and Andrade J.C. Distribution of lead in the soil profile evaluated by DTPA and Mehlich-3 solutions. Bragantia 57 (1998) 185-192
2. Adriano D.C. Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals (2001), Springer-Verlag, New York
3. Alkorta I., Hernández-Allica J., Becerril J.M., Amezaga I., Albizu I., Onaindia M., and Garbisu C. Chelate-enhanced phytoremediation of soils polluted with heavy metals. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biot. 3 (2004) 55-70
4. Anderson A. Heavy metals in Swedish soils and their retention, distribution and amounts. Swed. J. Agr. Res. 7 (1977) 7-20
5. Baker A.J.M., and Brooks R.R. Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements: a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Biorecovery 1 (1989) 81-126
6. Baker A.J.M., Reeves R.D., and Hajar A.S.M. Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British populations of the metallophyte Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. (Brassicaceae). New Phytol. 127 (1994) 61-68
7. Baker A.J.M., McGrath S.P., Reeves R.D., and Smith J.A.C. Metal hyperaccumulator plants: a review of the ecology and physiology of a biological resource for phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils. In: Terry N., and Bañuelos G. (Eds). Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Water (2000), CRC Press LLC, USA 85-107
8. Barber S.A., and Lee R.B. The effect of micro-organisms on the absorption of manganese by plants. New Phytol. 73 (1974) 97-106
9. Barocsi A., Csintalan Z., Kacsanyi L., Dushenkov S., Kuperberg J.M., Kucharski R., and Richter P.I. Optimizing phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil by exploring plants' stress adaptation. Int. J. Phytoremed. 5 (2003) 13-23
10. Barona A., Aranguiz I., and Elias A. Metal associations in soils before and after EDTA extractive decontamination: implications for the effectiveness of further clean-up procedures. Environ. Pollut. 113 (2001) 79-85
11. Begonia M.F.T., Begonia G.B., Butler A., Burrell M., Ighoavodha O., and Crudup B. Chelate-assisted phytoextraction of lead from a contaminated soil using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) B. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 68 (2002) 705-711
12. Begonia M.T., Begonia G.B., Miller G.S., and Gilliard D. Effects of chelate application time on the phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soils. B. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 73 (2004) 1033-1040
13. Begonia M.T., Begonia G.B., Ighoavodha M., and Gilliard D. Lead accumulation by Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Scherb.) grown on a lead-contaminated soil. Int. J. Environ. Heal. Res. 2 (2005) 228-233
14. 14C-histidine from chelator-buffered and conventional hydroponic solutions. Plant Soil 253 (2003) 311-319
15. II) onto alumina, silica, and kaolinite as a function of pH. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 1398-1407
16. Berndes G., Fredrikson F., and Börjesson P. Cadmium accumulation and Salix-based phytoextraction on arable land in Sweden. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 103 (2004) 207-223
17. Blaylock M.J., and Huang J.W. Phytoextraction of metals. In: Raskin I., and Ensley B.D. (Eds). Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals using Plants to Clean up the Environment (2000), John Wiley, New York 53-70
18. Blaylock M.J., Salt D.E., Dushenkov S., Zakharova O., Gussman C., Kapulnik Y., Ensley B.D., and Raskin I. Enhanced accumulation of Pb in Indian mustard by soil-applied chelating agents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (1997) 860-865
19. Brennan M.A., and Shelley M.L. A model of the uptake, translocation and accumulation of lead (Pb) by maize for the purpose of phytoextraction. Ecol. Eng. 12 (1999) 271-297
20. Brooks R.R. Phytochemistry of Hyperaccumulators. In: Brooks R.R. (Ed). Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (1998), CAB International, Wallingford 15-53
21. Brown G.A., and Elliott H.A. Influence of electrolytes on EDTA extraction of Pb from polluted soil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 62 (1992) 157-165
22. Brown S.L., Chaney R.L., Angle J.S., and Baker A.J.M. Phytoremediation potential of Thlaspi caerulescens and Bladder campion for zinc- and cadmium-contaminated soil. J. Environ. Qual. 23 (1994) 1151-1157
23. Bucheli-Witschel M., and Egli T. Environmental fate and microbial degradation of aminopolycarboxylic acids. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25 (2001) 69-106
24. Chandra Sekhar K., Kamala C.T., Chary N.S., Balaram V., and Garcia G. Potential of Hemidesmus indicus for phytoextraction of lead from industrially contaminated soils. Chemosphere 58 (2005) 507-514
25. Chen H., and Cutright T. EDTA and HEDTA effects on Cd, Cr, and Ni uptake by Helianthus annuus. Chemosphere 45 (2001) 21-28
26. Chen Y.X., Lin Q., Luo Y.M., He Y.F., Zhen S.J., Yu Y.L., Tian G.M., and Wong M.H. The role of citric acid on the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. Chemosphere 50 (2003) 807-811
27. Chen Y., Li X., and Shen Z. Leaching and uptake of heavy metals by ten different species of plants during an EDTA-assisted phytoextraction process. Chemosphere 57 (2004) 187-196
28. Clothier B.E., and Green S.R. Roots: the big movers of water and chemical in soil. Soil Sci. 162 (1997) 534-543
29. Collins R.N., Merrington G., McLaughlin M.J., and Knudsen C. Uptake of intact zinc-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid from soil is dependent on plant species and complex concentration. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21 (2002) 1940-1945
30. Cooper E.M., Sims J.T., Cunningham S.D., Huang J.W., and Berti W.R. Chelate-assisted phytoextraction of lead from contaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 28 (1999) 1709-1719
31. Cserhati T. Alkyl ethoxylated and alkylphenol ethoxylated nonionic surfactants: interaction with bioactive compounds and biological effects. Environ. Health Persp. 103 (1995) 358-364
32. Cui Y., Wang Q., Dong Y., Li H., and Christie P. Enhanced uptake of soil Pb and Zn by Indian mustard and winter wheat following combined soil application of elemental sulphur and EDTA. Plant Soil 261 (2004) 181-188
33. Davies B.E. Lead. In: Alloway B.J. (Ed). Heavy Metals in Soils (1995), Blackie Academic, London, UK 206-233
34. Davis A.P., and Singh I. Washing of zinc(II) from contaminated soil column. J. Environ. Eng. 121 (1995) 174-185
35. Degryse F., Smolders E., and Merckx R. Labile Cd complexes increase Cd availability to plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 830-836
36. Deram A., Petit D., Robinson B.H., Brooks R.R., Gregg P.E.H., and Haluwyn C.V. Natural and induced heavy metal accumulation by Arrhenatherum elatius: implications for phytoremediation. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 31 (2000) 413-421
37. Di Gregorio S., Barbafieri M., Lampis S., Sanangelantoni A.M., Tassi E., and Vallini G. Combined application of Triton X-100 and Sinorhizobium sp. Pb002 inoculum for the improvement of lead phytoextraction by Brassica juncea in EDTA amended soil. Chemosphere 63 (2006) 293-299
38. Dirilgen N. Effects of pH and chelator EDTA on Cr toxicity and accumulation in LEMNA minor. Chemosphere 37 (1998) 771-783
39. Duo L.A., Gao Y.B., and Zhao S.L. Heavy metal accumulation and ecological responses of turfgrass to rubbish compost with EDTA addition. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 47 (2005) 1047-1054
40. Dushenkov S., Kapulnik Y., Blaylock M.J., Sorochinsky B., Raskin I., and Ensley B. Phytoremediation: a novel approach to an old problem. In: Wise D.L. (Ed). Global Environmental Biotechnology (1997), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 563-572
41. Ebbs S.D., and Kochian L.V. Toxicity of zinc and copper to Brassica species: implications for phytoremediation. J. Environ. Qual. 26 (1997) 776-781
42. Ebbs S.D., and Kochian L.V. Phytoextraction of zinc by Oat (Avena sativa), Barley (Hordeum vulgare), and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 802-806
43. Elkhatib E.A., Thabet A.G., and Mahdy A.M. Phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated soils: role of organic complexing agents in cadmium phytoextraction. Land Contam. Reclam. 9 (2001) 359-366
44. Elless M.P., and Blaylock M.J. Amendment optimization to enhance lead extractability from contaminated soils for phytoremediation. Int. J. Phytoremed. 2 (2000) 75-89
45. Elliott H.A., and Brown G.A. Comparative evaluation of NTA and EDTA for extractive decontamination of Pb-polluted soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 45 (1989) 361-369
46. Elliott H.A., and Shastri N.L. Extractive decontamination of metal-polluted soils using oxalate. Water Air Soil Pollut. 110 (1999) 335-346
47. Epstein A.L., Gussman C.D., Blaylock M.J., Yermiyahu U., Huang J.W., Kapulnik Y., and Orser C.S. EDTA and Pb-EDTA accumulation in Brassica juncea grown in Pb-amended soil. Plant Soil 208 (1999) 87-94
48. Ernst W.H.O. Phytoextraction of mine wastes-options and impossibilities. Chem. der Erde 65 (2005) 29-42
49. Evangelou M.W.H., Daghan H., and Schaeffer A. The influence of humic acids on the phytoextraction of cadmium from soil. Chemosphere 57 (2004) 207-213
50. Evangelou M.W.H., Ebel M., and Schaeffer A. Evaluation of the effect of small organic acids on phytoextraction of Cu and Pb from soil with tobacco (Nicotianatabacum). Chemosphere 63 (2006) 996-1004
51. Evangelou M.W.H., Ebel M., and Schaeffer A. Chelate assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals from soil effect, mechanism, toxicity, and fate of chelating agents. Chemosphere 68 (2007) 989-1003
52. Filip Z. International approach to assessing soil quality by ecologically-related biological parameters. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 88 (2002) 169-174
53. Fuerhacker M., Lorbeer G., and Haberl R. Emission factors and sources of ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid in waste water - a case study. Chemosphere 52 (2003) 253-257
54. Geebelen W., Vangronsveld J., Adriano D.C., Van Poucke L.C., and Clijsters H. Effects of Pb-EDTA and EDTA on oxidative stress reactions and mineral uptake in Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiol. Plantarum 115 (2002) 377-384
55. Ghestem J.P., and Bermond A. EDTA extractability of trace metals in polluted soils: a chemical-physical study. Environ. Technol. 19 (1998) 409-416
56. Gleba D., Borisjuk N.V., Borisjuk L.G., Kneer R., Poulev A., Skarzhinskaya M., Duskenkov S., Logendra S., Gleba Y.Y., and Raskin I. Use of plant roots for phytoremediation and molecular farming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96 (1999) 5973-5977
57. Gonsior S.J., Sorci J.J., Zoellner M.J., and Landenberger B.D. The effects of EDTA on metal solubilization in river sediment/water systems. J. Environ. Qual. 26 (1997) 957-966
58. Grčman H., Velinkonja-Bolta S., Vodnik D., and Leštan D. EDTA enhanced heavy metal phytoextraction: metal accumulation, leaching and toxicity. Plant Soil 235 (2001) 105-114
59. Grčman H., Vodnik D., Velinkonja-Bolta S., and Leštan D. Ethylenediaminedissuccinate as a new chelate for environmentally safe enhanced lead phytoextraction. J. Environ. Qual. 32 (2003) 500-506
60. Grifferty A., and Barrington S. Zinc uptake by young wheat plants under two transpiration regimes. J. Environ. Qual. 29 (2000) 443-446
61. Haag-Kerwer A., Schäfer H.J., Heiss S., Walter C., and Rausch T. Cadmium exposure in Brassica juncea causes a decline in transpiration rate and leaf expansion without effect on photosynthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 50 (1999) 1827-1835
62. Halim M., Conte P., and Piccolo A. Potential availability of heavy metals to phytoextraction from contaminated soils induced by exogenous humic substances. Chemosphere 52 (2003) 265-275
63. Hamon R.E., Lorenz S.E., Holm P.E., Christensen T.H., and McGrath S.P. Changes in trace metal species and other components of the rhizosphere during growth of radish. Plant Cell Environ. 18 (1995) 749-756
64. Harrison S.J., Lepp N.W., and Phipps D.A. Uptake of copper by excised roots: II. Copper desorption from the free space. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 94 (1979) 27-34
65. Hong P.K.A., and Jiang W. Factors in the selection of chelating agents for extraction of lead from contaminated soil: effectiveness, selectivity and recoverability. In: Nowack B., and van Briesen J. (Eds). Biogeochemistry of Chelating Agents, ACS Symposium Series vol. 910 (2005), American Chemical Society 421-431
66. Hong P.K.A., Li C., Banerji S.K., and Regmi T. Extraction, recovery and biostability of EDTA for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. J. Soil Contam. 8 (1999) 81-103
67. Hovsepyan A., and Greipsson S. EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil by corn. J. Plant Nutr. 28 (2005) 2037-2048
68. Hu Z., Chandran K., Grasso D., and Smets B.F. Nitrification inhibition by ethylenediamine-based chelating agents. Environ. Eng. Sci. 20 (2003) 219-228
69. Huang J.W., and Cunningham S.D. Lead phytoextraction: species variation in lead uptake and translocation. New Phytol. 134 (1996) 75-84
70. Huang J.W., Chen J., Berti W.R., and Cunningham S.D. Phytoremediation of lead contaminated soils: role of synthetic chelates in lead phytoextraction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3 (1997) 800-805
71. Japenga J., Koopmans G.F., Song J., and Romkens P.F.A.M. A feasibility test to estimate the duration of phytoextraction of heavy metals from polluted soils. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 9 (2007) 115-132
72. Jarvis M.D., and Leung D.W.M. Chelated lead transport in Pinus radiata: an ultrastructural study. Environ. Exp. Bot. 48 (2002) 21-32
73. Johnson C.E., and Petras R.J. Distribution of zinc and lead fractions within a forest Spodosol. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62 (1998) 782-789
74. Jones L.H.P., Clement C.R., and Hooper M.J. Lead uptake from solution by perennial ryegrass and its transport from roots to shoots. Plant Soil 38 (1973) 403-414
75. Jordan F.L., Abbott M.R., Maier R.M., and Glenn E.P. A comparison of chelator-facilitated metal uptake by a halophyte and a glycophyte. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21 (2002) 2698-2704
76. Kabata-Pendias A. Agricultural problems related to excessive trace metal contents of soils. In: Solomons W., Forstner U., and Mader P. (Eds). Heavy Metals: Problems and Solutions (1995), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 3-18
77. Kabata-Pendias A. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants (2001), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida
78. Kayser A., Wenger K., Keller A., Attinger W., Felix R., Gupta S.K., and Schulin R. Enhancement of phytoextraction of Zn, Cd and Cu from calcareous soil: the use of NTA and sulfur amendments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 1778-1783
79. Keller C., Hammer D., Kayser A., Richner W., Brodbeck M., and Sennhauser M. Root development and heavy metal phytoextraction efficiency: comparison of different plant species in the field. Plant Soil 249 (2003) 67-81
80. Kim C., Lee Y., and Ong S.K. Factors affecting EDTA extraction of lead from lead-contaminated soils. Chemosphere 51 (2003) 845-853
81. Kirkham M.B. EDTA-facilitated phytoremediation of soil with heavy metals from sewage sludge. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 2 (2000) 159-172
82. Kirpichtchikova T.A., Manceau A., Spadini L., Panfili F., Marcus M.A., and Jacquet T. Speciation and solubility of heavy metals in contaminated soil using X-ray microfluorescence, EXAFS spectroscopy, chemical extraction and thermodynamic modeling. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 2163-2190
83. Koopmans G.F., Romkens P.F.A.M., Song J., Temminghoff E.J.M., and Japenga J. Predicting the phytoextraction duration of heavy metal contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 181 (2007) 355-371
84. Kos B., and Leštan D. Influence of a biodegradable ([S,S]-EDDS) and nondegradable (EDTA) chelate and hydrogel modified soil water sorption capacity on Pb phytoextraction and leaching. Plant Soil 253 (2003) 403-411
85. Kos B., Grčman H., and Leštan D. Phytoextraction of lead, zinc and cadmium from soil by selected plants. Plant Soil Environ. 49 (2003) 548-553
86. Kumar P.B.A.N., Dushenkov V., Motto H., and Raskin I. Phytoextraction: the use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 (1995) 1232-1238
87. Lai H.Y., and Chen Z.S. The EDTA effect on phytoextraction of single and combined metals-contaminated soils using rainbow pink (Dianthuschinensis). Chemosphere 60 (2005) 1062-1071
88. Lane S.D., and Martin E.S. A histochemical investigation of lead uptake in Raphanus sativus. New Phytol. 79 (1977) 281-286
89. Lantzy R.J., and Mackenzie F.T. Atmospheric trace metals: global cycles and assessment of man's impact. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 (1979) 511-525
90. Lasat M.M., Pence N.S., Garvin D.F., Ebbs S.D., and Kochian L.V. Molecular physiology of zinc transport in the Zn hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. J. Exp. Bot. 51 (2000) 71-79
91. Laurie S.H., Tancock N.P., McGrath S.P., and Sanders J.R. Influence of complexation on the uptake by plants of iron, manganese, copper and zinc: II. Effect of DTPA in a multi-metal and computer simulation study. J. Exp. Bot. 42 (1991) 515-519
92. Lesage E., Meers E., Vervaeke P., Lamsal S., Hopgood M., Tack F.M.G., and Verloo M.G. Enhanced phytoextraction: II. Effect of EDTA and citric acid on heavy metal uptake by Helianthus annuus from a calcareous soil. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 7 (2005) 143-152
93. Li H.Y., and Chen Z.S. The influence of EDTA application on the interactions of cadmium, zinc, and lead and their uptake of rainbow pink (Dianthus chinensis). J. Hazard. Mater. 137 (2006) 1710-1718
94. Li H., Wang Q., Cui Y., Dong Y., and Christie P. Slow release chelate enhancement of lead phytoextraction by corn (Zea mays L.) from contaminated soil-a preliminary study. Sci. Total Environ. 339 (2005) 179-187
95. Lim J.M., Salido A.R., and Butcher D.J. Phytoremediation of lead using Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) with EDTA and electrodics. Microchem. J. 76 (2004) 3-9
96. Liphadzi M.S., Kirkham M.B., Mankin K.R., and Paulsen G.M. EDTA-assisted heavy metal uptake by poplar and sunflower grown at a long-term sewage-sludge farm. Plant Soil 257 (2003) 171-182
97. Liu Y.G., Wang X.H., Zeng G.M., Li X., Zhou C.H., Fan T., Li Y.L., and Yuan X.Z. Redistribution of Pb, Zn and Cu fractions in tailing soils treated with different extractants. Pedosphere 16 (2006) 312-318
98. Liu D., Yang T., Li X., Islam E., Jin X., and Mahmood Q. Enhancement of lead uptake by hyperaccumulator plant species Sedum alfredii Hance using EDTA and IAA. B. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 78 (2007) 280-283
99. Lo I.M.C., and Yang X.Y. EDTA extraction of heavy metals from different soil fractions and synthetic soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 109 (1999) 219-236
100. Lombi E., Zhao F.J., Dunham S.J., and McGrath S.P. Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils: natural hyperaccumulation versus chemically enhanced phytoextraction. J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2001) 1919-1926
101. López M.L., Peralta-Videa J.R., Benitez T., and Gardea-Torresdey J.L. Enhancement of lead uptake by alfalfa (Medicago sativa) using EDTA and a plant growth promoter. Chemosphere 61 (2005) 595-598
102. Luo C.L., Shen Z.G., Baker A.J.M., and Li X.D. A novel strategy using biodegradable EDDS for the chemically enhanced phytoextraction of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Plant Soil 285 (2006) 67-80
103. Luo C.L., Shen Z.G., Li X.D., and Baker A.J.M. Enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and other metals from artificially contaminated soils through the combined application of EDTA and EDDS. Chemosphere 63 (2006) 1773-1784
104. Luo C.L., Shen Z.G., Li X.D., and Baker A.J.M. The role of root damage in the EDTA-enhanced accumulation of lead by Indian mustard plants. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 8 (2006) 323-337
105. Ma L.Q., Komar K.M., Zhang C., Tu W., Cai Y., and Kennelley E.D. A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic. Nature 409 (2001) 579
106. Madrid F., Liphadzi M.S., and Kirkham M.B. Heavy metal displacement in chelate-irrigated soil during phytoremediation. J. Hydrol. 272 (2003) 107-119
107. Maier R.M., Neilson J.W., Artiola J.F., Jordan F.L., Glenn E.P., and Descher S.M. Remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sludge using biosurfactant technology. Int. J. Occup. Med. Env. Heal. 14 (2001) 241-248
108. Maiz I., Arambarri I., Garcia R., and Millan E. Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis. Environ. Pollut. 110 (2000) 3-9
109. Malone C., Koeppe D.E., and Miller R.J. Localization of lead accumulated by corn plants. Plant Physiol. 53 (1974) 388-394
110. Manouchehri N., Besancon S., and Bermond A. Major and trace metal extraction from soil by EDTA: equilibrium and kinetic studies. Anal. Chim. Acta 559 (2006) 105-112
111. Marschner H. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (1995), Academic Press, London
112. McBride M.B. Environmental Chemistry of Soils (1994), Oxford University Press, New York, USA
113. McGrath S.P. Phytoextraction for soil remediation. In: Brooks R.R. (Ed). Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (1998), CAB International, Wallingford, UK 261-288
114. McGrath S.P., Zhao F.J., and Lombi E. Plant and rhizosphere processes involved in phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils. Plant Soil 232 (2001) 207-214
115. McGrath S.P., Zhao F.J., and Lombi E. Phytoremediation of metals, metalloids and radionuclides. Adv. Agron. 75 (2002) 1-56
116. McLaughlin M.J., Andrew S.J., Smart M.K., and Knudsen C. Effects of sulfate on cadmium uptake by Swiss chard: 1. Effects of complexation and calcium competition in nutrient solutions. Plant Soil 202 (1998) 211-216
117. McLaughlin M.J., Smolders E., and Merckx R. Soil-root interface: physiochemical processes. In: Huang P.M. (Ed). Soil Chemistry and Ecosystem Health (1998), Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, USA 233-277
118. Means J.L., Crerar D.A., and Duguid J.O. Migration of radioactive wastes: radionuclide mobilization by complexing agents. Science 200 (1978) 1477-1481
119. Meers E., and Tack F.M.G. The potential of foliar treatments for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soil. Remed. J. 14 (2004) 111-123
120. Meers E., Hopgood M., Lesage E., Vervaeke P., Tack F.M.G., and Verloo M.G. Enhanced phytoextraction: in search of EDTA alternatives. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 6 (2004) 95-109
121. Meers E., Lesage E., Lamsal S., Hopgood M., Vervaeke P., Tack F.M.G., and Verloo M.G. Enhanced phytoextraction: I. Effect of EDTA and citric acid on heavy metal mobility in a calcareous soil. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 7 (2005) 129-142
122. Meers E., Ruttens A., Hopgood M.J., Samson D., and Tack F.M.G. Comparison of EDTA and EDDS as potential soil amendments for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals. Chemosphere 58 (2005) 1011-1022
123. Meers E., Ruttens A., Hopgood M., Lesage E., and Tack F.M.G. Potential of Brassica rapa, Cannabis sativa, Helianthus annuus and Zea mays for phytoextraction of heavy metals from calcareous dredged sediment derived soils. Chemosphere 61 (2005) 561-572
124. Meers E., Tack F.M.G., Van Slycken S., Ruttens A., Vangronsveld J., and Verloo M.G. Chemically assisted phytoextraction: a review of potential soil amendments for increasing plant uptake of heavy metals. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 10 (2008) 390-414
125. Miller, R.R., 1996. Phytoremediation. Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center. (GWRTAC)-Technology Overview Report TO-96-03, GWRTAC-O-series, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.
126. Molas J., and Baran S. Relationship between the chemical from of nickel applied to the soil and its uptake and toxicity to barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.). Geoderma 122 (2004) 247-255
127. Moral R., Gilkes R.J., and Moreno-Caselles J. A comparison of extractants for heavy metals in contaminated soils from Spain. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. 33 (2002) 2781-2791
128. Morel F.M.M. Principles of Aquatic Chemistry (1983), Wiley -Interscience Publication, New Jersey, USA
129. 2+ binding with mucilage exudates from Maize (Zea mays L.) roots. Biol. Fert. Soils 2 (1986) 29-34
130. Moutsatsou A., Gregou M., Matsas D., and Protonotarios V. Washing as a remediation technology applicable in soils heavily polluted by mining-metallurgical activities. Chemosphere 63 (2006) 1632-1640
131. Mulligan C.N., Yong R.N., and Gibbs B.F. Remediation technologies for metal contaminated soils and groundwater: an evaluation. Eng. Geol. 60 (2001) 193-207
132. Mushak P. New directions in the toxicokinetics of human lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 14 (1993) 29-42
133. Nascimento C.W.A., Amarasiriwardena D., and Xing B. Comparison of natural organic acids and synthetic chelates at enhancing phytoextraction of metals from a multi-metal contaminated soil. Environ. Pollut. 140 (2006) 114-123
134. Nörtemann B. Biodegradation of EDTA. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 51 (1999) 751-759
135. Nowack B. Environmental chemistry of aminopolycarboxylate chelating agents. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002) 4009-4016
136. Nowack B., Schulin R., and Robinson B.H. Critical assessment of chelant-enhanced metal phytoextraction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 5225-5232
137. Nriagu J.O. Global inventory of natural and anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere. Nature 279 (1979) 409-411
138. Oviedo C., and Rodriguez J. EDTA: the chelating agent under environmental scrutiny. Quim. Nova 26 (2003) 901-905
139. Papassiopi N., Tambouris S., and Kontopoulos A. Removal of heavy metals from calcareous contaminated soils by EDTA leaching. Water Air Soil Pollut. 109 (1999) 1-15
140. Peters R.W., and Shem L. Adsorption/desorption characteristics of lead on various types of soil. Environ. Prog. 11 (1992) 234-240
141. Puschenreiter M., Stöger G., Lombi E., Horak O., and Wenzel W.W. Phytoextraction of heavy metal contaminated soils with Thlaspi goesingense and Amaranthus hybridus: rhizosphere manipulation using EDTA and ammonium sulfate. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 164 (2001) 615-621
142. Quiroz A., Garcia F.E., and Ilangovan K. Effects of natural hydrosoluble chelates of three plant species on the mobilization of heavy metals. B. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 68 (2002) 862-869
143. Raskin I., Smith R.D., and Salt D.E. Phytoremediation of metals: using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Curr. Opin. Biot. 8 (1997) 221-226
144. Reeves R.D., and Baker A.J.M. Metal-accumulating plants. In: Raskin I., and Ensley B.D. (Eds). Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals using Plants to Clean up the Environment (2000), John Wiley, New York, USA 193-230
145. Reeves R.D., and Brooks R.R. European species of Thlaspi L. (Cruciferae) as indicators of nickel and zinc. J. Geochem. Explor. 18 (1983) 275-283
146. Reimann C., and de Caritat P. Chemical Elements in the Environment - Factsheets for the Geochemist and Environmental Scientist (1998), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany
147. Robinson B.H., Mills T.M., Petit D., Fung L.E., Green S.R., and Clothier B.E. Natural and induced cadmium-accumulation in poplar and willow: implications for phytoremediation. Plant Soil 227 (2000) 301-306
148. Robinson B.H., Fernández J.E., Madejón P., Maranón T., Murillo J.M., Green S., and Clothier B. Phytoextraction: an assessment of biogeochemical and economic viability. Plant Soil 249 (2003) 117-125
149. Römkens P., Bouwman L., Japenga J., and Draaisma C. Potentials and drawbacks of chelate-enhanced phytoremediation of soils. Environ. Pollut. 116 (2002) 109-121
150. Roosens N., Verbruggen N., Meerts P., Ximenez-Embun P., and Smith J.A.C. Natural variation in cadmium tolerance and its relationship to metal hyperaccumulation for seven populations of Thlaspi caerulescens from Western Europe. Plant Cell Environ. 26 (2003) 1657-1672
151. Ruby M.V., Schoof R., Brattin W., Goldade M., Post G., Harnois M., Mosby D.E., Casteel S.W., Berti W., Carpenter M., Edwards D., Cragin D., and Chappell W. Advances in evaluating the oral bioavailability of inorganics in soil for use in human health risk assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1999) 3697-3705
152. Rudakova E.V., Karakis K.D., and Sidorshina E.I. The role of cell wall envelopes in the metal-ion absorption and accumulation in plants. Fiziol. Biokhim. Kul't. Rast. 20 (1988) 3-12
153. Ruley A.T., Sharma N.C., and Sahi S.V. Antioxidant defense in a lead accumulating plant, Sesbania drummondii. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42 (2004) 899-906
154. Ruley A.T., Sharma N.C., Sahi S.V., Singh S.R., and Sajwan K.S. Effects of lead and chelators on growth, photosynthetic activity and Pb uptake in Sesbania drummondii grown in soil. Environ. Pollut. 144 (2006) 11-18
155. Salt D.E., and Kramer U. Mechanisms of metal hyperaccumulation in plants. In: Raskin I., and Ensley B.D. (Eds). Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean up the Environment (2000), Wiley, New York, USA 231-246
156. Salt D.E., Blaylock M., Kumar P.B.A.N., Dushenkov V., Ensley B.D., Chet I., and Raskin I. Phytoremediation: a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology 13 (1995) 468-475
157. Salt D.E., Smith R.D., and Raskin I. Phytoremediation. Annu. Rev. Plant Phys. Plant Mol. Biol. 49 (1998) 643-668
158. Sanchez-Camazano M., Sanchez-Martin M.J., and Lorenzo L.F. Significance of soil properties for content and distribution of cadmium and lead in natural calcareous soils. Sci. Total Environ. 218 (1998) 217-226
159. Santos F.S., Hernandez-Allica J., Becerril J.M., Amaral-Sobrinho N., Mazur N., and Garbisu C. Chelate-induced phytoextraction of metal polluted soils with Brachiaria decumbens. Chemosphere 65 (2006) 43-50
160. Sarret G., Vangronsveld J., Manceau A., Musso M., D'Haen J., Menthonnex J.J., and Hazemann J.L. Accumulation forms of Zn and Pb in Phaseolus vulgaris in the presence and absence of EDTA. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 2854-2859
161. Schmidt U. Enhancing phytoextraction: the effect of chemical soil manipulation on mobility, plant accumulation, and leaching of heavy metals. J. Environ. Qual. 32 (2003) 1939-1954
162. Schwab A.P., He Y., and Banks M.K. The influence of organic ligands on the retention of lead in soil. Chemosphere 61 (2005) 856-866
163. Sebastiani L., Scebba F., and Tognetti R. Heavy metal accumulation and growth responses in poplar clones Eridano (Populus deltoides × maximowiczii) and I-214 (P. euramreicana) exposed to industrial waste. Environ. Exp. Bot. 52 (2004) 79-88
164. Semer R., and Reddy R.K. Evaluation of soil washing process to remove mixed contaminants from a sandy loam. J. Hazard. Mater. 45 (1996) 45-57
165. Seuntjens P., Nowack B., and Schulin R. Root-zone modeling of heavy metal uptake and leaching in the presence of organic ligands. Plant Soil 265 (2004) 61-73
166. Shen Z.G., Li X.D., Wang C.C., Chen H.M., and Chua H. Lead phytoextraction from contaminated soil with high biomass plant species. J. Environ. Qual. 31 (2002) 1893-1900
167. Shibata M., Konno T., Akaike R., Xu Y., Shen R., and Ma J.F. Phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil with polymer-coated EDTA. Plant Soil 290 (2007) 201-208
168. Sillanpää M., and Oikari A. Assessing the impact of complexation by EDTA and DTPA on heavy metal toxicity using Microtox bioassay. Chemosphere 32 (1996) 1485-1497
169. Singh O.V., Labana S., Pandey G., Budhiraja R., and Jain R.K. Phytoremediation: an overview of metallic ion decontamination from soil. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 61 (2003) 405-412
170. Skoog D.A., West D.M., and Holler F.J. Complex Formation Titrations: Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (1996), Saunders College Publishing, New York
171. Smolders E., and McLaughlin M.J. Effect of Cl on Cd uptake by Swiss chard in nutrient solution. Plant Soil 179 (1996) 57-64
172. Stanhope K.G., Young S.D., Hutchinson J.J., and Kamath R. Use of isotopic dilution techniques to assess the mobilization of nonlabile Cd by chelating agents in phytoremediation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (2000) 4123-4127
173. Steele M.C., and Pichtel J. Ex-situ remediation of a metal-contaminated superfund soil using selective extractants. J. Environ. Eng. 124 (1998) 639-645
174. Sun B., Zhao F.J., Lombi E., and McGrath S.P. Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils using EDTA. Environ. Pollut. 113 (2001) 111-120
175. Tandy S., Schulin R., and Nowack B. Uptake of metals during chelant-assisted phytoextraction with EDDS related to the solubilized metal concentration. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 2753-2758
176. Tanton T.W., and Crowdy S.H. The distribution of lead chelate in the transpirational stream of higher plants. Pestic. Sci. 2 (1971) 211-213
177. Thayalakumaran T., Robinson B.H., Volger I., Scotter D.R., Clothier B.E., and Percival H.J. Plant uptake and leaching of copper during EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of repacked and undisturbed soil. Plant Soil 254 (2003) 415-423
178. Thomas R.A.P., Lawlor K., Bailey M., and Macaskie L.E. Biodegradation of metal-EDTA complexes by an enriched microbial population. Appl. Environ. Microb. 64 (1998) 1319-1322
179. Turan M., and Angin I. Organic chelate assisted phytoextraction of B, Cd, Mo and Pb from contaminated soils using two agricultural crop species. Acta Agr. Scand. B-S. P. 54 (2004) 221-231
180. Vassil A.D., Kapulnik Y., Raskin I., and Salt D.E. The role of EDTA in lead transport and accumulation in Indian mustard. Plant Physiol. 117 (1998) 447-453
181. Vervaeke P., Luyssaert S., Mertens J., Meers E., Tack F.M.G., and Lust N. Phytoremediation prospects of willow stands on contaminated sediment: a field trial. Environ. Pollut. 126 (2003) 275-282
182. Volger, I., Thayalakumaran, T., 2005. Transport and reactions of EDTA in soils: experiments and modeling. In: Nowack, B., VanBriesen, J. (Eds.). Biogeochemistry of Chelating Agents, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 910, pp. 316-335.
183. Walker D.J., Clemete R., Roig A., and Bernal M.P. The effects of soil amendments on heavy metal bioavailability in two contaminated Mediterranean soils. Environ. Pollut. 122 (2003) 303-312
184. Wallace A., Muller R.J., Cha J.W., and Alexander G.V. Soil pH excess lime and chelating agent on micronutrients in soybeans and bush beans. Agron. J. 66 (1974) 698-700
185. Wallace A., Wallace G.A., and Cha J.W. Some modifications in trace metal toxicities and deficiencies in plants resulting from interactions with other elements and chelating agents - the special case of iron. J. Plant Nutr. 15 (1992) 1589-1598
186. Wang E.X., Bormann F.H., and Benoit G. Evidence of complete retention of atmospheric lead in soils of northern hardwood forested ecosytems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 (1995) 735-739
187. Welp G., and Brummer G.W. Microbial toxicity of Cd and Hg in different soils related to total and water-soluble contents. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 38 (1997) 200-204
188. Wenger, K., Tandy, S., Nowack, B., 2005. Effects of chelating agents on trace metal speciation and uptake. In: Nowack, B., VanBriesen, J. (Eds.), Biogeochemistry of Chelating Agents, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 910, pp. 204-224.
189. Wenzel W.W., Unterbrunner R., Sommer P., and Sacco P. Chelate-assisted phytoextraction using canola (Brassica napus L.) in outdoors pot and lysimeter experiments. Plant Soil 249 (2003) 83-96
190. Wilde E.W., Brigmon R.L., Dunn D.L., Heitkamp M.A., and Dagnan D.C. Phytoextraction of lead from firing range soil by Vetiver grass. Chemosphere 61 (2005) 1451-1457
191. Wu J., Hsu F.C., and Cunningham S.D. Chelate-assisted Pb phytoextraction: Pb availability, uptake and translocation constraints. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 1898-1904
192. Wu L.H., Luo Y.M., Christie P., and Wong M.H. Effects of EDTA and low molecular weight organic acids on soil solution properties of a heavy metal polluted soil. Chemosphere 50 (2003) 819-822
193. Wu L.H., Luo Y.M., Song J., Christie P., and Wong M.H. Changes in soil solution heavy metal concentrations over time following EDTA addition to a Chinese paddy soil. B. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 71 (2003) 706-713
194. Wu L.H., Luo Y.M., Xing X.R., and Christie P. EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil with Indian mustard and associated potential leaching risk. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 102 (2004) 307-318
195. Xu Y., Yamaji N., Shen R., and Ma J.F. Sorghum roots are inefficient in uptake of EDTA-chelated lead. Ann. Bot. 99 (2007) 869-875
196. Yang J.Y., Yang X.E., He Z.L., Li T.Q., Shentu J.L., and Stoffella P.J. Effects of pH, organic acids, and inorganic ions on lead desorption from soils. Environ. Pollut. 143 (2006) 9-15
197. Yukselen M.A., and Gokyay O. Leachability of metals from soil contaminated by mining activities. Environ. Eng. Sci. 23 (2006) 125-132
198. Zeng Q.R., Sauve S., Allen H.E., and Hendershot W.H. Recycling EDTA solutions used to remediate metal-polluted soils. Environ. Pollut. 133 (2005) 225-231
199. Zheljazkov V.D., and Nielsen N.E. Effect of heavy metals on pepper mint and corn mint. Plant Soil 178 (1996) 59-66
200. Zhuang P., Ye Z.H., Lan C.Y., Xie Z.W., and Shu W.S. Chemically assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals contaminated soils using three plant species. Plant Soil 276 (2005) 153-162
201. Zimdahl R.L., and Koeppe D.E. Uptake by plants. In: Boggess W.R. (Ed). Lead in the Environment (1977), National Science Foundation, Washington, DC 99-104