Plus ca change: Industrial R&D in the "third industrial revolution"

Industrial and Corporate Change

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-50

  Mowery, David C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; INNOVATION; NINETEENTH CENTURY; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 60749122048     PISSN: 09606491     EISSN: 14643650     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icc/dtn049     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005), Research and Development in the FY2006 Budget. American Association for the Advancement of Science: Washington, DC.
2. Agrawal, A. and R. Henderson (2002), 'Putting patents into context: exploring knowledge transfer from MIT,' Management Science, 48 44-60.
3. Arora, A., A. Fosfuri and A. Gambardella (2001), Markets for Technology. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
4. Association of University Technology Managers (2003), AUTM Licensing Survey: FY 2002. Association of University Technology Managers: Northbrook, IL.
5. Bok, D. (1982), Beyond the Ivory Tower. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
6. Braun, E. and S. MacDonald (1978), Revolution in Miniature. Cambridge University Press: New York.
7. Bromberg, L. (1991), The Laser in America, 1950-1970. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
8. Bush, V. (1945), Science: The Endless Frontier. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
9. Cantwell, J. (1995), 'The globalisation of technology: What remains of the product cycle model?' Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19 155-174.
10. Cantwell, J. A. and M. P. Barrera (1998), 'The localisation of corporate trajectories in the interwar cartels: Cooperative learning versus an exchange of knowledge,' Economics of Innovation & New Technology, 6, 257-290.
11. Chandler, A. D., Jr. (1990), Scale and Scope. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
12. Chandler, A. D., Jr. (2001), Inventing the Electronic Century. Free Press: New York.
13. Chandler, A. D., Jr. and T. Hikino (1997), 'The large industrial enterprise and the dynamics of modern economic growth,' in A. D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds), Big Business and the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
14. Chesbrough, H. (2003), Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
15. Chesbrough, H. (2006), 'Open innovation: A new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation,' in H. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke and J. West (eds), Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm. Oxford University Press: New York.
16. Christensen, C. M., M. Verlinden and G. Westerman (2002), 'Disruption, disintegration, and the dissipation of differentiability,' Industry and Corporate Change, 11, 955-993.
17. Cohen, I. B. (1976), 'Science and the growth of the American Republic,' Review of Politics, 38, 359-398.
18. Cohen, W., R. Florida and R. Goe (1994), 'University-industry research centers in the United States,' Technical Report, Center for Economic Development, Carnegie-Mellon University.
19. Cohen, W., R. Florida, L. Randazzese and J. Walsh (1998), 'Industry and the academy: Uneasy partners in the cause of technological advance,' in R. Noll (ed.), Challenges to the Research University. Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.
20. Economist, 'Innovation's golden goose,' December 14, 2002.
21. Edquist, C. (2004), 'Systems of innovation: Perspectives and challenges,' in J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery and R. R. Nelson (eds), Oxford Handbook of Innovation and Policy. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.
22. Etzkowitz, H., A. Webster and P. Healey (1998), 'Introduction,' in H. Etzkowitz, A. Webster and P. Healey (eds), Capitalizing Knowledge. State University of New York Press: Albany.
23. Etzkowitz, H. and L. Leytesdorff (1997), Universities in the Global Economy: A Triple Helix of academic-industry-government relation. Croom Helm: London.
24. Fabrizio, K. (2005), 'Opening the dam or building channels: University patenting and the use of public science in industrial innovation', Working Paper, Goizueta School of Business, Emory University.
25. Feenstra, R. C. (1998), 'Integration of trade and disintegration of production in the global economy,' Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, 31-50.
26. Flamm, K. J. (1988), Creating the Computer. Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.
27. Fligstein, N. (1990), The Transformation of Corporate Control. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
28. Freeman, C. (1995), 'The "national system of innovation" in historical perspective,' Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 5-24.
29. Furman, J. and M. MacGarvie (2005), 'Early academic science and the birth of industrial research laboratories in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry,' National Bureau of Economic Research working paper #11470
30. Galambos, L. and J. L. Sturchio (1998), 'Pharmaceutical firms and the transition to biotechnology: A study in strategic innovation,' Business History Review, 72, 250-278.
31. Garud, R., A. Kumaraswamy and R. Langlois (2002), Managing in the Modular Age: Architectures, Networks and Organizations. Blackwell Publishers: Oxford, UK.
32. Geiger, R. L. (1993), Research And Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War II. Oxford University Press: New York.
33. Geiger, R. L. (2004), Knowledge and Money: Research Universities and the Paradox of the Marketplace. Stanford University Press: Stanford, 2004.
34. Gibb, G. S. and E. H. Knowlton (1956), The Resurgent Years: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), 1911-1927. Harper & Row: New York.
35. Graham, M. B. W. (1986), RCA and the Videodisc: The Business of Research. Cambridge University Press: New York.
36. Graham, M. B. W. and H. G. Pruitt (1990), R&D for Industry: A Century of Technical Innovation at Alcoa. Cambridge University Press: New York.
37. Graham, S. J. H. and D. C. Mowery (2005), 'Software patents: Good news or bad news?,' in R. Hahn (ed.), Intellectual Property Protection in Frontier Industries. American Enterprise Institute: Washington, DC.
38. Hagedoorn, J. (2002), 'Inter-firm R&D partnerships: An overview of major trends and patterns since 1960,' Research Policy, 31, 477-492.
39. Hall, B. H. (1993), 'Industrial research during the 1980s: Did the rate of return fall?,' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics, 1993, 289-344.
40. Hall, B. H. (2004), 'Exploring the patent explosion,' National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #10605.
41. Hall, B. H. and R. M. Ziedonis (2001), 'The determinants of patenting in the U.S. semiconductor industry, 1980-1994,' Rand Journal of Economics, 32, 101-128.
42. Hawley, E. (1966), The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly. Princeton University Press: Princeton.
43. Henderson, R., A. B. Jaffe and M. Trajtenberg (1998a), 'Universities as a source of commercial technology: A detailed analysis of university patenting, 1965-1988,' Review of Economics & Statistics, 80, 119-127.
44. Henderson, R., A. B. Jaffe and M. Trajtenberg (1998b), 'University patenting amid changing incentives for commercialization,' in G. Barba Navaretti, P. Dasgupta, K. G. Mäler and D. Siniscalco (eds), Creation and Transfer of Knowledge. Springer: New York.
45. Henderson, R., L. Orsenigo and G. Pisano (1998), 'The pharmaceutical industry,' in D. C. Mowery and R. R. Nelson (eds), The Sources of Industrial Leadership. Cambridge University Press: New York.
46. Hounshell, D. A. (1995), 'Du Pont and the management of large-scale research and development,' in P. Gallison and B. Hevly (eds), Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research. Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA.
47. Hounshell, D. A. and J. K. Smith (1998), Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R&D, 1902-1980. Cambridge University Press: New York.
48. Hummels, D., D. Rapoport and K. M. Yi (1998), 'Vertical specialization and the changing nature of world trade,' Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 4, 79-99.
49. Hummels, D., J. Ishii and K. M. Yi (2001), 'The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade,' Journal of International Economics, 54, 75-96.
50. Kevles, D. J. (1977), The Physicists. Knopf: New York.
51. Kevles, D. J. (1994), 'Ananda Chakrabarty wins a patent: Biotechnology, law, and society, 1973-1980,' Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 25, 111-135.
52. Klepper, S. (2008), 'Silicon valley - a chip off the old Detroit bloc,' in D. B. Audretsch and R. Strom (eds), Entrepreneurship, Growth, and Public Policy. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England.
53. Kogut, B. (1989), 'The stability of joint ventures: Reciprocity and competitive rivalry,' Journal of Industrial Economics, 38, 183-198.
54. Lamoreaux, N. R. and K. L. Sokoloff (1999), 'Inventors, firms, and the market for technology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,' in N. R. Lamoreaux, D. M. G. Raff and P. Temin (eds), Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms, and Countries. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
55. Lamoreaux, N. R. and K. L. Sokoloff (2005), 'The decline of the independent inventor: A schumpeterian story,' National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #11654.
56. Langlois, R. N. (2000), 'Capabilities and vertical disintegration in process technology: The case of semiconductor fabrication equipment,' in N. J. Foss and P. L. Robertson (eds), Resources, Technology, and Strategy: Explorations in the Resource-Based Perspective. Routledge Press: London.
57. Langlois, R. (2003), 'The vanishing hand: The changing dynamics of industrial capitalism,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 12, 351-385.
58. Langlois, R. N. and D. C. Mowery (1996), 'The federal government role in the development of the U.S. software industry' in D. C. Mowery (ed.), The International Computer Software Industry: A Comparative Study of Industry Evolution and Structure. Oxford University Press: New York.
59. Lehrer, M. (2005), 'Science-driven vs. market-pioneering high tech: comparative German technology policies in the late nineteenth and late twentieth centuries,' Industrial and Corporate Change, 14, 251-278.
60. Lenoir, T. (1998), 'Revolution from above: The role of the state in creating the German Research System, 1810-1910,' American Economic Review, 88, 22-27.
61. Lerner, J. (1995), 'Patenting in the shadow of competitors,' Journal of Law & Economics, 38, 463-495.
62. Lerner, J. (2002), 'Venture capital,' in B. Steil, D. G. Victor and R. R. Nelson (eds), Technological Innovation and Economic Performance Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.
63. Leslie, S. W. (1993), The Cold War and American Science. Columbia University Press: New York.
64. Levin, R. C. (1982), 'The semiconductor industry,' in R. R. Nelson (ed.), Government and Technical Progress: A Cross-Industry Analysis Pergamon Press: New York.
65. Macher, J. T., D. C. Mowery and D. A. Hodges (1999), 'Semiconductors,' in D. C. Mowery (ed.), U.S. Industry in 2000: Studies in Competitive Performance. National Academies Press: Washington, DC.
66. Macher, J. T., D. C. Mowery and A. deMinin (2006), ' "NonGlobalization" of innovation in the semiconductor industry,' presented at the National Academies/STEP Board symposium on "Globalization of Innovation," Washington, DC, April 21.
67. Mattill, J. (1991), The Flagship: The MIT School of Chemical Engineering Practice, 1914-1991. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
68. McMillan, G. S., F. Narin and D. S. Deeds (2000), 'An analysis of the critical role of public science in innovation: The case of biotechnology,' Research Policy, 29, 1-8.
69. Merges, R. P. (1999), 'As many as six impossible patents before breakfast: Property rights for business concepts and patent system reform,' Berkeley High Technology Law Journal, 14, 577-615.
70. Millard, A. (1990), Edison and the Business of Invention. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD.
71. Mowery, D. C. (1983a), 'Industrial research, firm size, growth, and survival, 1921-1946,' Journal of Economic History, 43, 953-980.
72. Mowery, D. C. (1983b), 'The relationship between the contractual and in-house forms of industrial research in American manufacturing, 1900-1940,' Explorations in Economic History, 20, 351-374.
73. Mowery, D. C. (1995), 'The boundaries of the U.S. firm in R&D,' in N. R. Lamoreaux and D. M. G. Raff (eds), Coordination and Information: Historical Perspectives on the Organization of Enterprise. University of Chicago Press for NBER: Chicago.
74. Mowery, D. C. (2005), 'National security and national innovation systems,' presented at the PRIME/PREST workshop on 'Reevaluating the Role of Defence and Security R&D in the Innovation System,' University of Manchester, 19-21 September.
75. Mowery, D. C. and N. Rosenberg (1999), Paths of Innovation. Cambridge University Press: New York.
76. Mowery, D. C. and B. N. Sampat (2004), 'The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and university-industry technology transfer: A model for other OECD governments?,' Journal of Technology Transfer, 30, 115-127.
77. Mowery, D. C. and A. Ziedonis (2002), 'Academic patent quality and quantity before and after the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States,' Research Policy, 31, 399-418.
78. Mowery, D. C., R. R. Nelson, B. Sampat and A. Ziedonis (2004), Ivory Tower and Industrial Innovation. Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA.
79. Mowery, D. C. and T. Simcoe (2002), 'The history and evolution of the internet,' in B. Steil, R. Nelson and D. Victor (eds), Technological Innovation and Economic Performance. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ.
80. Mueller, W. F. (1962), 'The origins of the basic inventions underlying Du Pont's major product and process innovations, 1920 to 1950,' in The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity. Princeton University Press: Princeton.
81. Murray, F. and S. Stern (2007), 'Do formal intellectual property rights hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge? An empirical test of the anti-commons hypothesis,' Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 63, 648-687.
82. Narin, F., K. S. Hamilton and D. Olivastro (1997), 'The increasing linkage between U.S. technology and public science,' Research Policy 26, 317-330.
83. National Research Council (1999), Funding A Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academies Press.
84. National Research Council (2004), A Patent System for the 21st Century. National Academies Press: Washington, DC.
85. National Resources Planning Board (1942), Research - A National Resource. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
86. National Science Board (2006), Science and Engineering Indicators: 2006. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
87. National Science Foundation, Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences (1995a), '1993 spending falls for U.S. industrial R&D, nonmanufacturing share increases', http://www.nsf.gov/ statistics/databrf/sdb95325.pdf.
88. National Science Foundation, Science Resources Division (1995b), 'Research and development in industry: 1992,' http://www.nsf.gov/ statistics/nsf96333/appa.pdf.
89. National Science Foundation, Science Resources Division (2005), Academic Research and Development Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2003. National Science Foundation: Washington, DC.
90. Neal, A. D. and D. G. Goyder (1980), The Antitrust Laws of the United States. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
91. Nelson, R. R. (ed.), (1993), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. Oxford University Press: New York.
92. Park, S. H. and M. V. Russo (1996), 'When competition eclipses cooperation: An event history of joint venture failure,' Management Science, 42, 875-890.
93. Patel, P. (1995), 'Localised production of technology for global markets,' Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 141-153.
94. Patel, P. and K. L. R. Pavitt (1991), 'Large firms in the production of the world's technology: An important case of "nonglobalisation",' Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 1-20.
95. Patit, J. M., S. P. Raj and D. Wilemon (2006), 'Integrating internal and external R&D: What can we learn from the history of industrial R&D?,' presented at the meetings of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA, 4-6 August.
96. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (2003), Industry Profile 2003, http://www.phrma.org/publications/profile02.
97. Pisano, G. P. (2006), Science Business: The Promise, the Reality, and the Future of Biotech. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
98. Ravenscraft, D. and F. M. Scherer (1987), Mergers, Sell-Offs, and Economic Efficiency. Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.
99. Reich, L. S. (1985), The Making of American Industrial Research. Cambridge University Press: New York.
100. Reuer, J. J. and M. Zollo (2005), 'Termination outcomes of research alliances,' Research Policy, 34, 101-115.
101. Rosenberg, N. (1998), 'Technological change in chemicals: The role of university-industry relations,' in A. Arora, R. Landau and N. Rosenberg (eds), Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth. John Wiley: New York.
102. Sampat, B. N. (2005), 'Genomic patenting by academic researchers: Bad for science?' Unpublished working paper, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University.
103. Schmookler, J. (1957), 'Inventors past and present,' Review of Economics and Statistics, 39, 321-333.
104. Schumpeter, J. A. (1943), Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. Harper & Row: New York.
105. Stigler, G. J. (1968), 'Monopoly and oligopoly by merger,' in G. J. Stigler (ed.), The Organization of Industry. Irwin: Homewood, IL.
106. Sturchio, J. L. (1988), 'Experimenting with research: Kenneth Mees, Eastman Kodak, and the challenges of diversification,' presented at 'The R&D Pioneers,' Hagley Museum and Library, 7 October.
107. Swann, J. P. (1988), Academic Scientists and the Pharmaceutical Industry. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD.
108. Thackray, A. (1982), 'University-industry connections and chemical research: An historical perspective,' in University-Industry Research Relationships. National Science Board: Washington, DC.
109. Thackray, A., J. L. Sturchio, P. T. Carroll and R. Bud (1985), Chemistry in America, 1876-1976: Historical Indicators. Reidel: Dordrecht.
110. Thorelli, H. B. (1954), Federal Antitrust Policy. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD.
111. Trow, M. (1979), 'Aspects of diversity in American higher education,' in H. Gans (ed.) On the Making of Americans. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia.
112. Trow, M. (1991), 'American higher education: 'exceptional' or just different,' in B. E. Shafer (ed.), Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism. Oxford University Press: New York.
113. U.S. Office of Management and Budget (2005), Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2006: Historical Tables. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
114. Vernon, R. (1966), 'International investment and international trade in the product cycle,' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, 190-207.
115. Walsh, J. P., A. Arora and W. M. Cohen (2003), 'Effects of research tool patents and licensing on biomedical innovation,' in W. M. Cohen and S. A. Merrill (eds), Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy. National Academies Press: Washington DC.
116. Walsh, J. P., C. Cho and W. M. Cohen (2005), 'The view from the bench: patents, material transfers and biomedical research,' Science, 309, 2002-2003.
117. Wildes, K. L. and N. A. Lindgren (1985), A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.