Granite soiling and decay in Aberdeen, UK: Pollutants, stone characteristics and mortars

Proceedings of the International Conference on Heritage, Weathering and Conservation, HWC 2006

Volumn 1, Issue , 2006, Pages 425-433

  Young, M E ^a  

^a ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; BUILDING MATERIALS; BUILDINGS; CALCIUM; CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT; EROSION; GRANITE; GYPSUM; MORTAR; PLASTER;

19TH CENTURIES; ABERDEEN; BUILDING FACADES; BUILDING STONES; STONE CHARACTERISTICS; TRAFFIC VOLUMES;

WEATHERING;

EID: 60749087008     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (26)

1. Aberdeen City Council. Air Quality Action Plan Draft. May 2003 (Revised Dec 2003).
2. Begonha, A. & Sequira Braga, M.A. 1996. Characterization of black crusts and thin black layers in granitic monuments: the role of air pollution. In: M.A. Vicente, J. Delgado-Rodrigues & J. Acevedo (eds.), Environmental Protection & Conservation of the European Cultural Heritage; Degradation & Conservation of Granitic Rocks in Monuments. Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 28-30 November 1994:371-375.
3. Begonha, A., Sequira Braga, M.A. & Gomes da Silva, F. 1996. Rain water as a source of the soluble salts responsible for stone decay in the granitic monuments of Oporto and Braga - Portugal. In: J. Riederer (ed.), Deterioration and Conservation of Stone; Proc. 8th intern, cong., Berlin, Germany, 30 September-4 October 1996: 481-487.
4. DEFRA. http://www.defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/particulate-matter/ Expert Group Report on Particulate Matter. 2004. (Accessed November 2005).
5. Donnelly, T. 1994. The Aberdeen Granite Industry. Centre for Scottish Studies: Aberdeen University.
6. Duffy, A.P. & Perry, S.H. 1994. The effects of mortars on granite decay. In: E. Bell & T.P. Cooper (eds.), Granite weathering and conservation. Trinity College, Dublin. Sept 1993: 1-9.
7. Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K. & Kownatzki, R. 1995. Denkmalpflege und Naturwissenschaft: Natursteinkonservierung I. Weathering forms - classification and mapping. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn.
8. Garcia-Talegon, J., Vicente, M.A. & Molina, E. 1999. Decay of granite monuments due to salt crystallization in a nonpolluted urban environment. Materiales de Construccion 253: 17-27.
9. Heal, MR., Tunes, T. & Beverland, I.J. 2000. Using archive data to investigate trends in the sources and composition of urban PM10 particulate matter: Application to Edinburgh (UK) between 1992 & 1997, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 62: 333-340.
10. Iñigo, A.C. & Vicente-Tavera, S. 2001. Different degrees of stone decay on the inner and outer walls of a cloister. Building and Environment 36: 911-917.
11. Kwaad, F.J.P.M. 1970. Experiments on the granular disintegration of granite by salt action. Fysisch Geografisch en Bodemkundig Laboratorium. From Field to Laboratory. Publicatie 16.
12. Mosquera, M.J., Benítez, D. & Perry, S.H. 2002. Pore structure in mortars applied on restoration: Effect on properties relevant to decay of granite buildings. Cement and Concrete Research 32: 1883-1888.
13. Nord, A.G. & Ericsson, T. 1993. Chemical analysis of thin black layers on building stone. Studies in Conservation 38: 25-35.
14. O'Brien, P.F., Bell, E., Pavia Santamaria, S., Boyland, P. & Cooper, T.P. 1995. Role of mortars in the decay of granite. The Science of the Total Environment 167: 103-110.
15. 4 and NaCl on the weathering of various granites. In Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin; Proc. 6th intern, symp., Rhodes, Greece. May 1997 Vol 1: 271-281.
16. 2. In Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin; Proc. 6th inter. symp., Rhodes, Greece. May 1997 Vol 1: 271-281.
17. Rivas, T., Prieto, B. & Silva, B. 1994. Plaque shedding by granite in the monastery of San Martin Pinorio (Santiago de Compostela, NW Spain). In: V Fassina, H. Ott & F. Zezza (eds.), Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin; 3rd int. symp., Venice, Italy, 22-25 June 1994: 737-741.
18. Rivas, T., Prieto, B., Silva, B. & Birginie, J.M. 2003. Weathering of granitic rocks by chlorides: Effect of the nature of the solution on weathering morphology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28: 425-436.
19. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. 1997. Aberdeen on Record, Images of the Past. Edinburgh: The Stationery Office.
20. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. PASXMAP Database accessed Nov. 2005: http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/search.html.
21. Saiz-Jimenez, C. & Hermosin, B. 2004. Black crusts in the European built environment. Corrosion Reviews 22: 381-393.
22. Schiavon, N. 1995. Nature and decay effects of urban soiling on granitic building stones. The Science of the Total Environment 167: 87-101.
23. Silva, B., Rivas, T., Prieto, B. & Delgado Rodrigues, J. 1996. A comparison of the mechanisms of plaque formation and sand disintegration in granite in historical buildings. In: M.A. Vicente, J. Delgado-Rodrigues & J. Acevedo (eds.), Environmental Protection & Conservation of European Cultural Heritage; Degradation & Conservation of Granitic Rocks in Monuments. Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 28-30 November 1994: 269-274.
24. The Air Quality (Scotland) Regulations 2000. Scottish Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 97. Also, The Air Quality (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2002. Scottish Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 297.
25. Walsworth-Bell, E.B. 1974. Some studies of various Aberdeenshire granitic rocks. PhD Thesis. Aberdeen University.
26. UK National Air Quality Information Archive. http://www.airquality.co.uk/ archive/data-and-statistics-home.php (Accessed November 2005).